1. BLOOD

2. leukocytes erythrocytes
The blood is really the transport system of the body, as it carries materials from one organ to another.
It takes oxygen from the lungs to the heart and then to the working muscles.
It takes carbon dioxide from the working muscles to the heart and then to the lungs.
It also takes soluble food from the intestines and waste products from the kidneys.
There are 4 main components of blood – leukocytes, erythrocytes, platelets, plasma

3. Blood
Figure 10.1

4. Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
Red blood cells carry oxygen to body tissues and remove carbon dioxide
They are red because they contain a protein called hemoglobin that is red in color
Red blood cells are round and thinner in the middle, like a balloon that is partly filled with water. This lets them squeeze through tiny blood vessels without breaking
Biconcave shape increases surface area to allow for more O2 to be carried
Do not have a nucleus
Are made from the red bone marrow
RBCs have no nucleus and very few organelles this allows for the maximum capacity of hemoglobin

5. RBCs contain Hemoglobin
Protein that bonds with oxygen when in an oxygen rich environment
Releases oxygen when reaches tissues low in concentration of oxygen
For energy RBCs make ATP thru anaerobic processes so it doesn’t use the O2 it is transporting
Hemoglobin is an iron bearing protein that binds with and then releases oxygen. When there is a high concentration of oxygen e.g in the alveoli hemoglobin combines with oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin. When the blood reaches the tissue which have a low concentration of oxygen the hemoglobin dissociates with the oxygen and the oxygen is released into body tissues

6. Leukocytes (white blood cells)
Function as a defense system in the body
Fight and kills germs that enter the body
Much larger than red blood cells
Fewer WBCs than RBCs
Have a nucleus
Can slip into and out of the blood vessels

7. Leukocytes (white blood cells)
The leukocytes pass out through the capillary walls & into the infected tissue
They change shape to surround the germs. They produce enzymes to kill & digest them.
Leukocytes live for only a short time. Dead leukocytes, dead germs and liquid form pus in the infected area
leukocyte

8. Platelets Helps with the clotting of blood
Produce tiny fibrin threads allowing them to stick together
This “web” traps blood cells that harden and form a scab or clot
Made in the red bone marrow

9. Platelets

10. A lot of cool biochemistry!
Hemostasis
Blood vessel injury
Vasoconstriction
Platelet plug
A lot of cool biochemistry!
Coagulation occurs
Blood clotting is a positive feedback mechanism and usually occurs within 3 – 6 minutes

11. Plasma Pale liquid portion of the blood – 90% water Acts as a solvent
Transports soluble food molecules
Transports waste products
Contains hormones, antibodies, electrolytes, and plasma proteins

12. Our blood is a fluid which links together all the parts & all the organs of the body. Its main functions include:
Transport oxygen, waste products and hormones
Regulate temperature, helping to reduce heat by taking blood to the body surface
Balance acidity, reducing the effect of lactic acid (in sporting activities)
Fight invaders

13. Blood Fun Facts The average human has 5 litres of blood
It takes about 20 seconds for a red blood cell to circle the body
The only part of the body with no blood supply is the cornea, it takes in O2 directly from the air
One cubic millimeter of healthy blood contains about 5 million red blood cells – this is the “blood count”
People who live in high altitudes will have a higher blood count because of the lower O2 levels
Athletes often train at high altitudes to improve distance race performance
BLOOD DOPING, done by some athletes, mimics this effect

15. What’s your Type?
Blood type refers to features of the person’s red blood cells called antigens
The ABO blood groups are the features most people know about
In this group, there are 4 different types of red blood cells -- A, B, AB, and O each are a different antigen
Type O is the most common (~45%); type AB is the least common (~4%)
Type O blood can be given to all blood types
An antigen is a substance that the body recognizes as foreign; it stimulates the immune system to release antibodies or use other means to mount a defense against it. Most antigens are foreign proteins such as those that are part of viruses or bacteria. We all can tolerate our own cellular antigens but someone else's antigens would be seen as an invader.

16. What’s your Type?
Blood types are also grouped as to whether or not the RBC has the “D antigen”
AKA the Rh factor, the “D antigen” is named for the Rhesus monkey in which it was first discovered
People who have the “D antigen” are Rh positive.
People who lack the “D antigen” are Rh negative.
Most people are Rh positive
Rh negative blood can be transfused into either Rh type

17. Why can’t someone with type B- blood be given type A+ blood?
O- is called the universal donor because it can be given to ALL blood types- explain