1. Peak of Progressivism Taft Administration Reforms: Education, City, State 1912 Three Way Election Wilson Administration

2. William Howard Taft: 1908-1912 TR’s hand picked successor TR’s hand picked successor Taft’s Background; wins 1908 election Taft’s Background; wins 1908 election Split in Republican Party: Conservatives Split in Republican Party: Conservatives –(Aldrich) & Progressives (La Follette, Beverage). –Tariff fight: conservatives win higher tariff Ballinger-Pinchot Affair: Pinchot TR’s chief Ballinger-Pinchot Affair: Pinchot TR’s chief –Forester. Ballinger Taft’s Sec of Interior –Ballinger wanted to sell government land. Good Record, Bad Politician: Taft preserved Good Record, Bad Politician: Taft preserved –More land, busted more trusts than TR, no credit.

3. William Howard Taft

4. Progressive Reforms Pragmatism: William James & John Dewey Pragmatism: William James & John Dewey City Reform: City planning, Expert bureaucracy, Non-Partisan City Manager City Reform: City planning, Expert bureaucracy, Non-Partisan City Manager State: Progressive Governors- La Follet, Hirum Johnson, Charles Evan Hughes, The initiative, referendum, and recall State: Progressive Governors- La Follet, Hirum Johnson, Charles Evan Hughes, The initiative, referendum, and recall National:17 th Amendment, Direct Primaries National:17 th Amendment, Direct Primaries More Democracy-> less voter turn out More Democracy-> less voter turn out

5. The 1912 Election Taft and GOP lose in 1910 midterm elections Taft and GOP lose in 1910 midterm elections 1912 TR forms Bull Moose or Progressive Party 1912 TR forms Bull Moose or Progressive Party Three Way Race: TR, Wilson, Taft (Debbs) Three Way Race: TR, Wilson, Taft (Debbs) Taft does not campaign Taft does not campaign TR: New Nationalism: vital role for government TR: New Nationalism: vital role for government –Good trusts, social justice, strong president WW: New Freedom: small fed. Gov, anti-big WW: New Freedom: small fed. Gov, anti-big –Business, state’s rights, individual freedom Wilson wins: 2 nd Democratic since The Civil War Wilson wins: 2 nd Democratic since The Civil War

6. Woodrow Wilson

7. Woodrow Wilson: 1912-1920 Wilson’s background: southern historian Wilson’s background: southern historian Addresses Special Session of Congress Addresses Special Session of Congress Lowers Tariff Lowers Tariff Income Tax: 16 th Amendment: 1% on $2000 Income Tax: 16 th Amendment: 1% on $2000 Federal Reserve Board: 12 branches Federal Reserve Board: 12 branches Federal Trade Commission: oversees business Federal Trade Commission: oversees business 1914-1916 marks peak of Progressive legislation 1914-1916 marks peak of Progressive legislation –(Social conservative 1912-1914, then followed TR) World War I looming World War I looming