1. IB Economics What is Aggregate Demand (AD) and how do we influence it?

2. Understanding Aggregate Demand (AD) Aggregate Demand (AD) = –Total level of planned real expenditure on UK produced goods and services The components of aggregate demand Household Spending (C) Gross Fixed Capital Spending (I) Government Consumption (G) Exports of Goods and Services (X) (minus) Imports of Goods and Services (M) AD sums to GDP (expenditure based)

3. The Aggregate Demand Curve Real National Output Price Level AD1 P1 Y1 P2 Y2 P3 Y3 An AD curve is drawn assuming all factors affecting aggregate demand are being held constant except the general price level. A change in factors affecting any one or more components of aggregate demand, household (C), firm (I), government (G) or foreigners (X) changes planned aggregate demand and results shift in the AD curve

4. An Outward Shift in Aggregate Demand RNO Price Level AD1 P1 Y1Y2 AD2

5. Recent Government Actions - AD Back spending plan, urges Obama US President-elect Barack Obama has called for "drastic action" to prevent the US economic situation worsening. Speaking two weeks before taking office, Mr Obama urged Congress to act quickly to pass an $800bn (£526bn) stimulus plan. His proposals include tax cuts and creating new jobs through increased government spending on public works projects. He called on political leaders from all sides to come together behind a bill. Mr Obama is facing his first big battle to persuade Congress to approve a colossal effort to restart America's economy, reports the BBC's Adam Brookes, in Washington. His warnings were more dire than anything before, our correspondent adds, and he is piling on the pressure for action. Source: Modified from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7819290.stm | 9 th January 2009http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7819290.stm

6. How does increased government spending affect AD? RNO Price Level

7. An Inward Shift in Aggregate Demand Real National Output Price Level AD4 P1 Y4Y3 AD3

8. Recent Government Actions - AD Source: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7522741.stm | 24th July 2008http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7522741.stm

9. How does increasing the rate of interest affect AD? RNO Price Level

10. Causes of Changes in AD Changes to Government Fiscal Policy –An increase/decrease in level of taxation –Changes in real government spending on health, education, transport –An increase in the size of the budget deficit (where government spending > tax revenue) Changes to Monetary Policy –Changes in official base interest rates by the Bank of England –Fluctuations in the exchange rate for sterling (e.g. a fall in the value of sterling against the Euro or the US dollar) Changes in Business & Consumer Confidence Fluctuations in the growth of national income and expenditure in other countries (the global economic cycle) –E.g. the effects of a recession in the United States –A cyclical recovery within the Euro Zone

11. How do changes in the rate of interest affect the level of business investment? Level of Investment R (%)

12. The UK and Global Economic Fluctuations –Demand-side economic shocks Growth of income & demand in OECD economies –E.g. an economic recession in the United States –Asian economic downturn / financial turbulence Interest rates decisions in Europe and in the USA Performance of global stock markets - particularly in the USA Foreign Investment decisions of global multinationals –Supply-side economic shocks Fluctuations in international commodity prices

13. How will the global economic downturn affect Dubai?

14. RNO Price Level

15. Fiscal Policy and Aggregate Demand AD = C + I + G + (X-M) Where; – C = Consumption – I = Investment – G = Government Spending – X = Exports – M = Imports

16. Fiscal Policy and Aggregate Demand Fiscal Policy can affect AD through several channels Direct changes in government spending (current and capital) Changes in direct taxes –Income tax / National Insurance –Corporation tax –Taxation of saving Tax incentives for R&D Changes in indirect tax –Changes in excise duties e.g. cigarettes and alcohol –Changes in VAT, the UK recently reduced VAT to 15% to stimulate demand (it will return to 17.5% in 2010) Changes in the budget deficit or surplus, in an attempt to stimulate the US economy it has been forecasted that the government will borrow $1.8 tn in this financial year

17. Taxes and Aggregate Demand – what happens when the economy is growing too SLOW? Cut in personal income tax Boost to disposable income Adds to consumer demand Cut in indirect taxes Lower prices – higher real incomes Adds to consumer demand Adds to business capital spending Cut in corporation tax Higher “post tax” profits for businesses Cut in tax on interest from saving Boost to disposable income of people with net savings Adds to consumer demand Expansionary Fiscal Policy

18. Taxes and Aggregate Demand – what happens when the economy is growing too QUICK? Contractionary Fiscal Policy

19. Monetary Policy and Aggregate Demand Expansionary Monetary Policy Lower Nominal Interest Rates Stimulates Capital Investment Spending Increase in Economic Activity Expansionary Monetary Policy Increase in Bank Loans Stimulates Household Spending Increase in Economic Activity Expansionary Monetary Policy Exchange Rate Depreciation Stimulates Net Exports Increase in Economic Activity Expansionary Monetary Policy Rise in Equity Prices Rise in House Prices Rise in Value of Household Wealth Increase in Economic Activity Interest Rate Channel Bank Lending Channel Exchange Rate Channel Wealth Effect Channel

20. Tasks Today’s Classwork Complete student workpoint 16.6 (page 177) Complete SRQ # 3 (page 177) Complete DRQ (page 178)