1. America on the World Stage

2. “Little Brown Brothers”
Filipinos assumed they would be granted their independence like Cuba
Senate refused
Feb. 4, 1899
Insurrection led by Emilio Aguinaldo
Filipinos were defeated & resorted to guerilla warfare
US used torture & camps
1901 – Aguinaldo was captured

6. “Benevolent Assimilation”
Philippine Commission 1899
Established by McKinley
William Howard Taft – head
Goal was to make appropriate recommendations
Improved roads, sanitation, public health, & schools
Ill received
Philippines will receive their independence on July 4, 1946

7. John Hay Defends China China
Defeated by Japan 1894 – 1895
Russia & Germany moved in
Tore away valuable leaseholds & economic spheres of influence
American
churches worried about missionaries
Business feared European monopolies on Chinese goods
Sec of State John Hay proposed the Open Door Policy

8. Open Door Policy 1899 – John Hay sent Open Door Note
Sent to all great powers
Urged countries to announce that in their dealings, they would respect certain Chinese rights & the ideal of fair competition
Eventually all nations agree with the exception of Russia
Hay proclaimed that Open Door Policy is in effect

10. Problems with the Open Door
1900 – Boxer Rebellion in China
Over 200 missionaries & whites killed
18,000 multinational soldiers were sent & stopped the rebellion
Japan, Russia, Great Britain, France, Germany, & US
Hay feared that the rebellion would be used to justify carving up China
1900 – expanded policy to include territorial integrity in addition to its commercial integrity
Did not ask for formal acceptance

12. Presidential Election 1900
Republicans – McKinley
Platform – prosperity, gold standard, & overseas expansion
VP – Theodore Roosevelt
Gov of NY but political bosses wanted him out
Democrats – Bryan
Platform – anti-imperialism

14. Campaign Approach McKinley won easily
McKinley – front-porch
Bryan & TR traveled & campaigned
McKinley won easily
Prosperity at home seemed more important than freedom aboard
Election was not a mandate for or against imperialism
For or against McKinley & Bryan
Mandate for prosperity & protection

16. TR becomes President Sept. 1901 - McKinley is assassinated
By a deranged anarchist
TR became youngest president
Claimed he would carry on the politics of McKinley

17. TR as President
“Speak softly and carry a big stick” What does this mean?
Outspoken moralizer & reformer
Master politician
Beliefs:
No respect for checks & balances
Constitution was too rigid
President should lead
Felt he may take any action in the general interest that was not specifically forbidden by the laws of the constitution

18. The Need for a Canal
TR understood the outside world more than his predecessors
War established the need for a canal
USS Oregon – had to travel all the way around South America to engage in possible battle
Canal would increase naval mobility
Make defense of new territories easier

20. Canal Plans Clayton-Bulwer Treaty – 1850 Hay-Pauncefote Treaty – 1901
Agreement with Great Britain that US would not control such a route
Hay-Pauncefote Treaty – 1901
Agreed to by Great Britain, US could build & fortify a canal
Where?
Nicaragua
Panama – what are the problems with Panama?

22. Nicaragua v. Panama
French Canal Company – started building canal but had to stop
Wanted US to continue where they left off
New Panama Canal Company –led by Philippe Bunau-Varilla
Dropped the price of the land from $109 million to $40 million
Congress was concerned about volcanoes in Nicaragua
Hanna argued in Congress for Panama
Congress accepted June 1902

23. Problems in Panama Treaty was negotiated between US & Colombia
Granted use of 6 mile canal zone
$10 million & $250,000 annually
Treaty was rejected by Colombia
TR was running for office in 1904
Wanted to start building before election

24. Panama Revolution Nov. 3, 1903 Panamanians wanted the canal
Counted on the prosperity to come
Bunau-Varilla raised a “patriot” army
Made up of fire departments & Colombian troops that had been paid $100,000
Colombian troops were ready to attack
US naval forces would not let them cross the isthmus
TR justified actions based on former treaty(1846) to maintain “perfect neutrality” of the isthmus

26. Sealing the Deal TR quickly moved to recognize Panama
Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty
Signed by US & Panama
Price remained the same, zone increased to 10 miles
“Rape of Panama”
Resulted in a downward turn in relations with Latin America
“Big Brother” Policy had begun

29. Completing the Canal Difficulties Colonel George Washington Goethals
Labor troubles
Landslides
Sanitation
Colonel George Washington Goethals
Helped with organization
Colonel William C. Gorgas
Helped made canal zone safe from yellow fever
Canal completed in 1914
$400 million

34. TR’s Perversion of Monroe’s Doctrine
Latin American countries
defaulted on their payments to European creditors
Particularly Venezuela & the Dominican Republic
Germany attacked Venezuelan gunboats & a town
TR feared that Germany & Great Britain might remain in Latin America
Violation of Monroe Doctrine

35. Roosevelt Corollary
In the future, if Latin American countries defaulted on their loans, the US would intervene
take over customhouses, pay off the debts, and keep the troublesome powers on the other side of the Atlantic
Monroe Doctrine
“Thou shall not intervene.”
Roosevelt Corollary
“We shall intervene to prevent you from intervening.”

36. Colossus of the North
1905 – US took over tariff collections in the Dominican Republic
DR were not happy with the interference
1906 – US Marines sent to Cuba to stop disorder
Stayed until 1909
Started “Bad Neighbor” policy

37. TR on the World Stage Russo-Japanese War – 1904 Portsmouth, NH – 1905
Russia was trying to take ports in Manchuria, China – Port Arthur
Japanese attacked Russia at Port Arthur
Japanese eventually asked US for help
Portsmouth, NH – 1905
TR helped Russia & Japan work out an agreement
Japanese receive no money & some land
1906 – TR receives the Nobel Peace Prize for resolving dispute

40. Results of Russo-Japanese War
Relationship among US, Japan & Russia soured
Numerous Japanese laborers moved to California
1906 – 70,000 lived around the Pacific coast
1906 – Japanese were sent to special schools
Gentlemen’s Agreement –
CA repealed the school order
Japanese agreed to stop the flow of immigrants

41. The Great White Fleet
1907 – TR sent 16 battleships on a cruise around the world
Goal was to impress the Japanese & the world
TR believed this to be his most important contribution to peace
Root-Takahira Agreement
US & Japan pledged to respect each other’s territorial possessions in the Pacific & to uphold the Open Door Policy

42. The Great White Fleet