1. Violent Crime

2. Introduction  Expressive violence: acts that vent rage, anger, and frustration  Instrumental violence: acts that improve a financial or social position

3. The Causes of Violence Personal Traits and Makeup  Neurological impairments  Low intelligence/ anger management  Abnormal personality structures (brain function)  Physical: testosterone levels Extra Y chromosome

4. Free testosterone was measured in the saliva of 89 male prison inmates. Inmates with higher testosterone had been convicted of violent crimes. 9 out of 11 inmates with the lowest testosterone had committed nonviolent crimes, 10 out of 11 inmates with the highest testosterone had committed violent crimes. And had more punishments for disciplinary infractions in prison. In the housing unit where peer ratings were most reliable, inmates rated as tougher by their peers were higher in testosterone."

5. The Causes of Violence Theory:  Aggression and violence are inborn instincts

6. The Causes of Violence Drugs and violence  Psychopharmacological relationship: between drugs and criminal mind set  Lose your understanding of right and wrong  Commit crime for economic gain when “need” drug  Rival drug dealers or gangs may be violent toward each other.

7. The Causes of Violence Upbringing  Children exposed to violence at home, school, and environment are more likely to use violence themselves  Parents who fail to set adequate limits reinforce a child’s coercive behavior  Physical punishment may lead to defiance Spanking v. abuse

8. The Causes of Violence Abused Children  Abused children are likely to later engage in delinquent behaviors  Abused children are likely to physically abuse siblings  Abused children are likely to engage in spousal abuse

9. The Causes of Violence Exposure to Violence  People who are constantly exposed to violence may adopt violent methods themselves  Crusted over: refers to children who do not express their feelings…show no indication that they are affected by violence around them. (vulnerable to the lure of delinquent gangs)

10. The Causes of Violence Subculture of Violence  Violence is legitimized by norms and customs  Violence is higher in subculture areas within urban areas

11. The Causes of Violence Peer Group Influences  Gangs are more likely to own guns and weapons  Gang violence may be initiated for: Display of toughness Retaliation for actual or perceived grievances Protection of ownership (graffiti) Protection of turf

12. The Causes of Violence  National (or regional) values are predictive of violence: social disorganization economic stress child abuse rates violence by government political corruption inefficient justice systems.

13. Murder and Homicide Definition of Murder: “the unlawful killing of a human being with malice aforethought.” Degrees of Murder  First-degree murder Premeditation Deliberation  Second-degree murder Wanton disregard  Manslaughter Voluntary (heat of passion) Involuntary (negligent)  Born and alive Feticide

14. Murder and Homicide The Nature and Extent of Murder  About 16,300 people killed in 2003  Almost one-quarter of homicides occur in cities with populations of more than 1 million  Murder victims (75 percent) and offenders (90 percent) tend to be male  About 49 percent of all victims are African Americans  Infanticide (about 500 per year)  Eldercide (less than 5 percent per year)

15. Murder and Homicide  Stranger homicides typically occur during commission of a felony  Acquaintance homicides are much more common Spousal Relations  Men may kill spouses or partners for fear of losing control and power  Most females murder after suffering repeated violent attacks Self defense OR revenge  Some people kill mates out of jealousy (love triangles)

16. Murder and Homicide Student Relations  90 percent of schools with 1000 or more students experience violence each year  Many offenders have history of being abused or bullied

17. Assault and Battery Definition of battery: requires offensive touching (i.e slapping, hitting, or punching) Definition of assault: requires no actual touching, but involves wither attempted battery or intentionally frightening the victim by word or deed.

18. Assault and Battery Nature and Extent of Assault  Road rage  857,000 assaults reported in 2003  Most arrests are young White males (80 percent)  Assault rates highest in urban areas during the summer in the South and the West  Most common weapons are blunt instruments

19. Assault and Battery  Factors associated with spousal abuse include: Alcohol socioeconomic factors military service having been battered as a child And control

20. Robbery Definition of robbery: “the taking or attempting to take anything of value from the care, custody or control of a person or persons by force or threat of force or violence and/or by putting the victim in fear.”  In 2003, the FBI recorded 413,000 robberies  Northeastern states have the highest rates  There has been a decade-long drop in rates

21. Robbery The Armed Robber  Most common: opportunistic. Not a professional  Robberies seem to peak during the winter months  Choose vulnerable victims

22. Emerging Forms of Interpersonal Violence Hate Crimes are violent acts directed toward a particular person or members of a group merely because the targets share certain racial, ethnic, religious, or gender characteristics Thrill-seeking hate crimes (sadistic thrills) Reactive hate crimes (defensive stand) Mission hate crimes (duty bound)  Retaliatory hate crimes are committed in response to “threat” whether real or percieved

23. Emerging Forms of Interpersonal Violence The Nature and Extent of Hate Crime  During 2003, 9,100 offenses were reported  Racial bias accounts for nearly 49 percent of hate crimes  Religious bias accounts for 17 percent  Ethnicity or national origin bias accounts for 14 percent  Bias against physical or mental disability accounts for 0.5 percent

24. Emerging Forms of Interpersonal Violence Controlling Hate Crimes  Most state have enacted some form of legislation to combat hate crime  39 states have laws against bias motivated violence  19 states have mandates regarding the collection of hate crime data  Some suggest bias crimes should be punished more severely due to the likely chance of violence Legal Controls  Virginia v. Black (2003) upheld by the Supreme Court prohibiting cross burning as intimidation

25. Emerging Forms of Interpersonal Violence Workplace Violence  Considered the third leading cause of occupational injury or death  More than 2 million people are victimized each year Creating Workplace Violence  Factors include: management style, romantic relationships, and irate clients and customers The Extent of Workplace Violence  18 percent of all violent crime  Assaults are the most common (1.3 million)  Police officer are the greatest risk, along with correctional officers, taxi drivers, and bartenders

26. Emerging Forms of Interpersonal Violence Stalking  Affects 1.4 million victims annually  Most stalking stops within one to two years  Most victims know their stalker  Women are most likely to be stalked by an intimate partner, whereas men are stalked by strangers or casual acquaintances

27. Terrorism What is Terrorism?  International terrorism involves citizens or territory of more than one country  The calculated use of violence (or threat of violence) against civilians in order to attain goals that are political or religious

28. Terrorism Contemporary Forms of Terrorism  Revolutionary Terrorism: Use violence in an attempt to replace the existing government  Political Terrorism: Is directed shaping political or religious ideology  Nationalist Terrorism: Ethnic or religious groups wanting its own independent homeland  Cause-Based Terrorism: Use violence to impose their social or religious code on the world  Environmental Terrorism: Is directed at slowing down developers believed to be threatening the environment  State-Sponsored Terrorism: Repressive government regime forces its people into oppression and stifles political dissent  Criminal Terrorism: Incorporates crimes such as drug dealing, kidnapping, and selling of nuclear materials

29. Terrorism What Motivates Terrorists? What does this have in common with gangs?  Socialization to violence  Extreme ideological beliefs  Feelings of alienation and failure (psychological disturbances)

30. Terrorism Law Enforcement Responses  FBI and creation of the Cyber Division  Homeland Security- control WITHIN borders BTS (Borders and Transportation Security) National Guard Coast Guard Federal Emergency Management Agency FBI and CIA are NOT part of Homeland Security