1. Chapter Ten:
Violent Crime

2. Objectives Be familiar with the various causes of violent crime
Know the concept of the brutalization process
Be able to discuss the history of rape and know the different types of rape
Be able to discuss the legal issues in rape prosecution
Recognize that there are different types of murder
Be able to discuss the differences among serial killing, mass murder, and spree killing
Be familiar with the nature of assault in the home
Understand the careers of armed robbers
Be able to discuss newly emerging forms of violence such as stalking, hate crimes, and workplace violence
Understand the different types of terrorism and what is being done to combat terrorist activities

3. Causes of Violence Psychological/Biological Abnormality
Evolutionary factors/Human Instinct
Substance abuse
Socialization and Upbringing
Exposure to Violence
Cultural Values/subculture of Violence
Peer Group Influence
National Values

4. Forcible Rape
“The carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will.”
One of the most loathed, misunderstood, and frightening of crimes
There many forms of sexual assault, including male on male, female on female, and female on male, but these are not considered within the traditional definition of rape
In early civilization rape was common, throughout recorded history, rape has been associated with armies and warfare.

5. Types of Rape
Gang rape: as many as 25 percent or more involve multiple offenders, offenders are more violent
Serial Rape: attacks multiple victims; some are “blitz rapes” and others “capture” rapes
Acquaintance rape: involves someone known to the victim, including family members and friendship
Date rape: people who are in some form of courting relationship
Marital rape: rape between a married couple
Statutory rape: sexual relations between an underage minor female and an adult male

6. Causes of Rape Evolutionary, Biological factors Male socialization
Psychological abnormality
Social learning
Sexual motivation

7. Rape and the Law
Proving Rape: it is extremely challenging for prosecutors, sometimes the blame is shifted from rapist to victim. To get a conviction, it is necessary to establish that the act was forced and violent
Consent: in a sense the burden of proof is on the victim, she must show that her character is beyond question and that she did not encourage, entice, or misled the accused rapist
Reform: laws have been changed around country, including the language of statutes, some laws are now gender neutral.
Shield laws protect women from being questioned about their sexual history unless it directly bears on the case

8. Murder and Homicide
The unlawful killing of a human being with malice aforethought
Degrees:
First-degree
Second-degree
Felony
Manslaughter
Voluntary or non-negligent
Involuntary or negligent

9. Nature of Murder
Much more common in urban areas
Victims and offenders tend to be males
Most commonly an intra-racial crime
African-Americans are disproportionately victims and offenders
Most perpetrators are under age 35
Offenders typically have a long involvement in crime

10. Assault and Battery
Assault ~ does not require actual touching but involves either attempted battery or intentionally frightening the victim by word or deed
Battery ~ offensive touching, such as slapping, hitting, or punching a victim
Patterns of assault are very similar to homicide and rape

11. Causes of Child Abuse
Generational violence
Negative childhood experiences
Blended families
Isolation from friends and family
Depression or psychological distress

13. Factors that Predict Spousal Abuse
Alcohol
Weapon
Stepchild
Estrangement
Hostility toward dependency
Excessive brooding
Social learning
Socioeconomic factors
Anger
Military service
Abuse as a child
Unpredictability

14. Robbery
Taking or attempting to take anything of value from the care, custody, or control of a person or persons by force or threat of force or violence and/or by putting the victim in fear

15. Hate Crimes
Violent acts directed toward a particular person or members of a group merely because the targets share a discernible racial, ethnic, religious, or gender characteristic

16. Types of Hate Crimes
Thrill-seeking
Reactive (defensive)
Mission
Retaliatory

17. Factors that Predict Hate Crimes
Poor or uncertain economic conditions
Racial stereotypes in films/television
Hate-filled discourse on talk shows/political advertisements
The use of racial code language (e.g., welfare mothers, inner-city thugs)
Personal experiences with members of particular minority groups
Scapegoating: blaming a minority group for the misfortune of society as a whole

18. Workplace Violence
Violence such as assault, rape, or murder committed at the workplace
Third leading cause of occupational injury or death

19. Stalking
A course of conduct directed at a specific person that involves repeated physical or visual proximity, nonconsensual communication, or verbal, written, or implied threats sufficient to cause fear in a reasonable person

20. Terrorism
Premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience

21. Contemporary Forms of Terrorism
Revolutionary
Political
Nationalist
Cause-based
Environmental
State-sponsored
Criminal