1. FYS4250Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet....and slicky tricks to prepare you for the exam...

2. What is a typical question? For example: 1.Mention some different methods for measuring blood pressure, explain the different advantages, disadvantages and eventual risks associated with each method 2.Blood flow is another interesting parameter. Describe how it is possible to measure the blood flow both invasive and non-invasively and explain the advantages, disadvantages for each method. What would be the proper requirements for an amplifier in such a measurement system? 3.Do you know any non-invasive methods of measuring the oxygen concentration in the blood? Give a brief description of the manner of operation, sources of error and advantages/disadvantages 4.Give a short explanation of the function of the human heart. How is it possible to detect patology in the heart function without entering the body?

3. Image: Grimnes, Høgetveit. Biomedical Engineering Education & Advanced Bioengineering Learning: Interdisciplinary Concepts. ”A sensor is a mediator able to convert one or more measurands or physical variables into an equivalent signal variable of another type of quantity within a frame of a given unity” Pallàs-Areny, Webster, Sensors 2001 What is a sensor?

4. Image: Grimnes-Høgetveit. Biomedical Engineering Education & Advanced Bioengineering Learning: Interdisciplinary Concepts. - Sensor system: ”comprises the total signal path from the measurand to the observer and includes all sensing, conditioning and real-time processing elements in the path” - Electrode: ” An electrode is an electrochemical cell converting charge carriers from ions to electrons or vice versa. An electrode is only a half- sensor in the way that two electrodes are necessary in order to apply a current or read a potential difference in living tissue” - Probe: A ”probe is a broader concept than a sensor. A probe is often comprising multiparameter sensors (e.g. temperature) and may be held by the operator and be equipped with switches and level adjustment facilities. Example: Ultrasound probe” Source: Grimnes-Høgetveit. Biomedical Engineering Education & Advanced Bioengineering Learning: Interdisciplinary Concepts. More definitions....

5. Pressure transducer and Wheatstone bridge Image: Grimnes-Høgetveit. Biomedical Engineering Education & Advanced Bioengineering Learning: Interdisciplinary Concepts.

6. FYS4250Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet Piezoelectric transducer C=εA/x

7. FYS4250Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet Photomultipliers

9. Membrane potential Nernst equation for potassium K (Nor - Kalium): across a cell membrane with active channels pumping K ions into the cell.

10. Dipoles in the axon

11. Neural velocity

12. The heart

13. Atrioventricular- block

14. Ectopic beat

15. Tachycardia flutter= increased regular frequency

16. flimmer (norsk) = fibrillation (eng) = = uregelmessig rytme

17. Ischemia

19. Metal / electrolyte = electron / ion transitions

20. Ag / AgCl Non-polarizable electrode

21. Electrode polarization + skin + deeper layer

22. Stimulation electrodes

23. FYS4250Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet

24. FYS4250Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet Einthoven triangle

25. FYS4250Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet Wilson central terminal

26. FYS4250Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet Augmented leads

27. FYS4250Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet ”Driven right leg”

28. FYS4250Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet Biopotentail amplifiers

29. FYS4250Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet

30. FYS4250Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet

31. FYS4250Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet The circulatory system

32. FYS4250Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet Typical blood pressures

33. FYS4250Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet Invasive blood pressure measurement

34. FYS4250Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet Harmonic analysis, Fourier

35. FYS4250Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet Heart sounds

36. FYS4250Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet Stethoscopes, spektrogram

37. FYS4250Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet Non-invasive blood pressure

38. FYS4250Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet Ultrasound measurement

39. FYS4250Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet Bloodpressure, oscillometric

40. FYS4250Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet Non-contact tonometry

42. Indicator-dilution method

43. Elektromagnetic flowmeter

44. Electromagnetic flowmeter waveforms

45. Quadrature-suppression flowm.

46. Plethysmography

47. Plethysmography curve

49. Figure 1 Airways with larynx, trachea, bronchi and alveoles

50. Figure 2 Lung volume parameters Equation 1 ComplianceC = ΔV / ΔP [L/Pa, L/cmH2O]

51. Equation 2 Poiseuille [Pa/m 3 /s = pressure / flow rate]

52. Figure 6 Laplace cylinder model P=T/r

53. Figure 10 Rebreathing circle with one-directional valves 1 and 2

54. Figure 13 IR absorption spectra for some anaesthetic agent vapours. Datex Ohmeda Division, Instrumentarium Corporation

55. Figure 14 Multigas spectrophotometric gas analyzer with rotating filter wheel

57. pH-measurement

58. pCO 2 (Severinghaus) electrode

59. pO 2 (Clark) electrode

60. Fluorescent dye sensor

61. pH-sensitive dyes

62. Pulsoxymetry light absorption