1. Exam short answer + 55 multiple choice Midterm exam Essay 1000 words – includes references ( Barre et al. 2007) given body of essay but not including reference citations given at the end of the paper-also spelling counts as part of 5 marks for presentation section of marks 18.5-24.9

2. Input on course- Slow down Aa displacement

3. Lecture 8a MINERALS-I MAJOR MINERALS 1 November 2010

4. MINERALS-SOME GENERAL COMMENTS SINGLE ATOMS CAN BE CHARGED OR UNCHARGED IN THE BODY MAJOR -ARE FOUND IN THE BODY IN EXCESS OF 5 GRAMS -ELECTROLYTES AND MINERALS MINOR- ARE FOUND IN THE BODY IN AMOUNTS OF LESS THAN 5 GRAMS

5. MINERALS- GENERAL COMMENTS CONTINUED MOST ESSENTIAL- WE CANNOT MAKE THEM -SOME DEFICIENCIES HAVE NOT BEEN ESTABLISHED FOR SOME MINOR MINERALS MAKING IT UNCLEAR WHETHER THEY ARE NEEDED IN THE DIET

6. WHAT ARE THE MAJOR MINERALS ? ELECTROLYTES IN PART RESPONSIBLE FOR FLUID BALANCE IN BODY SODIUM, POTASSIUM AND CHLORIDE MAJOR MINERALS CALCIUM, PHOSPHOROUS, MAGNESIUM AND SULPHUR

7. Water functions/sources/deficiencies/toxicities -carries nutrients and wasteproducts -maintains the structure of large molecules e.g. proteins and glycogen -participates in chemical reactions -serves as solvent for small nutrients -temperature-regulation -blood volume-regulation water balance required for all this above sources-foods, drinks, water deficiencies- loss of above functions toxicities-none-unless water balance failure

8. SODIUM FUNCTION-fluid and electrolyte balance, pH control, muscle function, nerve impulse transmission SOURCES-processed foods DEFICIENCIES- rare-except with diarrhea, vomiting and kidney disorders TOXICITIES – rare(kidney disposes of it)- edema and acute high blood pressure

9. POTASSIUM FUNCTION-fluid and electrolyte balance, pH control, muscle function, nerve impulse transmission SOURCES-fruits, vegetables, whole grains DEFICIENCIES- muscle weakness, paralysis TOXICITIES-supplements-muscle weakness, vomiting

10. CHLORIDE FUNCTION-fluid and electrolyte balance, part of stomach acid SOURCES-same as sodium DEFICIENCIES-same as sodium TOXICITIES-acute hypertension

11. CALCIUM FUNCTION-bone and teeth formation, blood clotting, nerve transmission, muscle function, blood pressure SOURCES –dairy, fortified orange juice, green leafy vegetables, small fish with bones DEFICIENCIES-children-impaired growth, adults-osteoporosis TOXICITIES-kidney stones, impaired iron absorption

12. PHOSPHOROUS FUNCTION-bone and teeth formation, pH control, regulation of coenzyme function SOURCES-all animal products, bread and ready to eat cereal DEFICIENCIES-rare- weakness and bone pain TOXICITIES- low blood calcium

13. MAGNESIUM FUNCTION- bone formation, nerve transmission, protein and carbohydrate metabolism (enzyme activity) SOURCES-green leafy vegetables, nuts, whole grains, seafood, chocolate DEFICIENCIES-weakness, confusion, growth failure in children TOXICITIES- rare- nausea, vomiting

14. SULPHUR FUNCTION-protein structure, component of biotin, thiamin and insulin SOURCES-all protein foods DEFICIENCIES-unknown TOXICITIES-unknown in humans

15. MAJOR MINERALS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE

16. DIGESTION, ABSORPTION AND TRANSPORT OF MAJOR MINERALS PART OF STORY ON CONNECTION OF MINERAL SUPPLEMENTATION TO HEALTH

17. MAJOR MINERALS- DIGESTION, ABSORPTION AND TRANSPORT CONTINUED DIGESTION – NONE- MINERALS IN = MINERALS OUT ABSORPTION-ACTIVE TRANSPORT

18. MAJOR MINERALS- DIGESTION, ABSORPTION AND TRANSPORT CONTINUED TRANSPORT-FREE OR BOUND FREE- EXAMPLES SODIUM AND ALL OTHER MAJOR MINERALS (EXCEPT SULPHUR) BOUND- SODIUM CHLORIDE -POTASSIUM CHLORIDE -SULPHUR-INSULIN

19. MAJOR MINERAL SUPPLEMENTS REQUIRED IF: A)INADEQUATE DIETARY SUPPLY OF MAJOR MINERALS RELATIVE TO NEED (PREVENTION OR SLOWING OF DISEASE) B) IF IN DISEASE IN GENERAL A MONITORING OF MAJOR MINERALS SHOWS REQUIREMENT.

20. FUNCTIONAL FOODS USE OF FUNCTIONAL FOODS TO SUPPLEMENT MAJOR MINERALS EXAMPLE OF FUNCTIONAL FOOD- CALCIUM- FORTIFIED ORANGE JUICE

21. FUNCTIONAL FOODS ONLY A FEW FUNCTIONAL FOODS WORK IN THE PREVENTION AND SLOWING OF DISEASE

22. CYSTIC FIBROSIS SOMETIMES LOW SODIUM DUE TO SWEATING- SUPPLEMENT REQUIRED FOR INFANTS DUE TO LOW SODIUM IN FORMULA, BREAST MILK AND SOME INFANT FOOD

23. BURNS- FLUID LOSS THROUGH SKIN- -ELECTROLYTES -CALCIUM, PHOSPHORUS AND MAGNESIUM EATING PROBLEM- MAY NOT FEEL LIKE EATING THEREFORE NEED INTRAVENOUS OR TUBE FEEDING

24. OSTEOPOROSIS PREVENTION- CALCIUM BUILDUP SOURCES CALCIUM CITRATE CALCIUM CARBONATE CAUTION-CALCIUM PHOSPHORUS BALANCE

25. OSTEOARTHRITIS CALCIUM SUPPLEMENT IF NOT SUFFICIENT IN DIET TO SLOW PROCESS

26. RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS CALCIUM SUPPLEMENT IF NOT SUFFICIENT CALCIUM IN DIET TO SLOW PROCESS

27. IN ADVANCED OSTEOPOROSIS, OSTEOARTHRITIS, AND RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS GET DECREASED CALCIUM ABSORPTION

28. PREGNANCY ADDITIONAL 2000 CALCIUM MG/DAY DECREASED BLOOD PRESSURE BETTER CHANCE OF SUCCESSFUL PREGNANCY

29. DECREASING BLOOD PRESSURE POTASSIUM, CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM SUPPLEMENTATION -EACH INDIVIDUALLY LOWER BLOOD PRESSURE LOWER BLOOD PRESSURE- LOWER RISK OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS

30. STROKE POTASSIUM SUPPLEMENTATION LOWER DEATHS DUE TO STROKE APPARENTLY NOT BLOOD PRESSURE RELATED

31. POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE SOME KIDNEY DISEASES- EG POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE- LOSE TOO MUCH SODIUM GIVING A DROP IN BLOOD PRESSURE

32. SULPHUR IS OFF THE BOOKS AS A SUPPLEMENT- WHY?

33. WHATS NEW IN MAJOR MINERAL RESEARCH IN HEALTH AND DISEASE ? Drs. Whiting and Wood, Nutr. Rev.55:1-9 MAGNESIUM LOSSES a)Dietary calcium/magnesium milligram ratio of > 5 GET magnesium deficiency-lower magnesium absorption b) urinary magnesium up with 1000 milligram dietary supplement of calcium (Dr. Whiting)

34. WHATS NEW IN MAJOR MINERAL RESEARCH IN HEALTH AND DISEASE ? CONTINUED TWO WAYS OF GETTING REDUCED BODY MAGNESIUM DUE TO INCREASED CALCIUM INTAKE 1) REDUCED ABSORPTION 2) INCREASED URINARY LOSS

35. WHATS NEW IN MAJOR MINERAL RESEARCH IN HEALTH AND DISEASE ? CONTINUED CANADIAN JOURNAL OF CARDIOLOGY JOFFRES ET AL 2007 DROPPING SODIUM ADDITIVES BY 1840 MG/DAY WOULD DECREASE SYSTOLIC AND DIASTOLIC BPs