2. Sacred Heart School – Ateneo de Cebu Asian Civilization Sacred Heart School – Ateneo de Cebu Asian Civilization

3. Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire, which had been steadily declining since the late 1700s, finally ended after World War I.The Ottoman Empire, which had been steadily declining since the late 1700s, finally ended after World War I. The Ottoman Empire began to decline in the 1800s, with Greece winning its independence.The Ottoman Empire began to decline in the 1800s, with Greece winning its independence. Many ethnic Turks wanted a Turkish state that would encompass all people of Turkish nationality. A group called Young Turks wanted to depose Abdülhamīd II.Many ethnic Turks wanted a Turkish state that would encompass all people of Turkish nationality. A group called Young Turks wanted to depose Abdülhamīd II.

4. Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire With the help of T.E. Lawrence and Great Britain, Arabia achieved its independence from Ottoman rule.With the help of T.E. Lawrence and Great Britain, Arabia achieved its independence from Ottoman rule. When the Christian Armenians began pushing for independence, the Ottoman government responded by killing Armenian men and expelling women and children from the empire.When the Christian Armenians began pushing for independence, the Ottoman government responded by killing Armenian men and expelling women and children from the empire.

5. The Ottoman Empire in WW1

6. Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Turks led a policy of ethnic cleansing, or genocide, against the Christian Armenians, killing an estimated 1 million people.The Ottoman Turks led a policy of ethnic cleansing, or genocide, against the Christian Armenians, killing an estimated 1 million people. The Ottoman Empire collapsed toward the end of World War I. Great Britain and France made plans to divide the Ottoman territories in the Middle East.The Ottoman Empire collapsed toward the end of World War I. Great Britain and France made plans to divide the Ottoman territories in the Middle East. Turkey remained under Ottoman control until Mustafa Kemal organized an elected government and a new Republic of Turkey.Turkey remained under Ottoman control until Mustafa Kemal organized an elected government and a new Republic of Turkey.

7. British Promise to the Jews: Balfour Declaration, 1917 Sir Arthur James Balfour Br. Foreign Secretary His Majesty’s Government views with favor the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people

8. Zionism Theodore Herzl 1860-1904  GOALS: The spiritual and political renewal of the Jewish people in its ancestral homeland of Palestine.  Freedom from Western anti- Semitism.  GOALS: The spiritual and political renewal of the Jewish people in its ancestral homeland of Palestine.  Freedom from Western anti- Semitism.

9. The Middle East in 1914

10. “New” Countries & Ruling Families Emerge!  Prince Faisal  “ruler” of Trans-Jordan.  Prince Abdullah  “ruler” of a newly-created Iraq [pasted together from three distinct geographic regions].  The House of Saud  put on the throne of the newly-created Saudi Arabia.  The Pahlavi Family  put on the throne of a new Iran.  Mustafa Kemal  leads a military/nationalist movement in Turkey.  Prince Faisal  “ruler” of Trans-Jordan.  Prince Abdullah  “ruler” of a newly-created Iraq [pasted together from three distinct geographic regions].  The House of Saud  put on the throne of the newly-created Saudi Arabia.  The Pahlavi Family  put on the throne of a new Iran.  Mustafa Kemal  leads a military/nationalist movement in Turkey.

11. Mustafa Kemal “Ataturk” (1881-1938)

12. Ataturk’s Reform Program  Capital moved from Constantinople to Ankara.  Secularism  Qur’an in Turkish translation.  Adoption of a republican constitution and a Swiss civil code.  Westernization & nationalism:  Compulsory, secular education.  Banning the fez.  Western [Roman] script.  Western clothing.  Women unveiled & given full citizenship and the right to vote.  Capital moved from Constantinople to Ankara.  Secularism  Qur’an in Turkish translation.  Adoption of a republican constitution and a Swiss civil code.  Westernization & nationalism:  Compulsory, secular education.  Banning the fez.  Western [Roman] script.  Western clothing.  Women unveiled & given full citizenship and the right to vote.

13. Kemal died not seeing the fruits of his laborKemal died not seeing the fruits of his labor Allied with USA when the Allied Forces were winningAllied with USA when the Allied Forces were winning Pres. Harry Truman aided TurkeyPres. Harry Truman aided Turkey Foreign control in Turkey which led to several coupsForeign control in Turkey which led to several coups Turkey suffered inflation, poverty and employment thus Western nations aided TurkeyTurkey suffered inflation, poverty and employment thus Western nations aided Turkey

14. Sacred Heart School – Ateneo de Cebu Asian Civilization Sacred Heart School – Ateneo de Cebu Asian Civilization

15. Rezah Khan (1877-1944)  an Iranian officer, seized control of the govt. in 1921.  declared himself SHAH in 1925.  created the Pahlavi Dynasty.  ruled from 1925-1941.  initiated some modern reforms.  forced to abdicate his throne by the Allied armies in 1941.  an Iranian officer, seized control of the govt. in 1921.  declared himself SHAH in 1925.  created the Pahlavi Dynasty.  ruled from 1925-1941.  initiated some modern reforms.  forced to abdicate his throne by the Allied armies in 1941.

16. Reforms in Iran  Secularization  seizure of religious lands.  Adoption of the French civil code.  Built the Trans-Iranian Railroad.  Improved education.  Secularization  seizure of religious lands.  Adoption of the French civil code.  Built the Trans-Iranian Railroad.  Improved education.

17. Iran during the war  Refused to ally with the Allied thus led him being dethroned  Replaced by Mohammed Rezah Pahlavi but was challenged by a nationalist official, Mohammed Mossadegh  Western nations supported thus the shah was restored  Improved education.  Refused to ally with the Allied thus led him being dethroned  Replaced by Mohammed Rezah Pahlavi but was challenged by a nationalist official, Mohammed Mossadegh  Western nations supported thus the shah was restored  Improved education.

18. The Iranian Revolution I.Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 1.Secularized Iran (made it non-religious.) A.Stepped away from Islamic traditions. 2.Friendly with the West (United States) II.The Islamic Revolution - 1979 1.Muslims believed that their religious beliefs and laws should be strictly followed. 2.Ayatollah Ruhbollah Khomeini gains control of Iran. A.Returns Iran to Islamic rule. B.Gets rid of Western influence.

19.  Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi Ayatollah Khomeini 

23. Palestine Was Part of the Ottoman Empire

24. Jews & Arabs in Palestine, 1920  In 1920, there was 1 Jew to every 10 Arabs in Palestine.  By 1947, the ratio was 2 Arabs for every Jew.  In 1920, there was 1 Jew to every 10 Arabs in Palestine.  By 1947, the ratio was 2 Arabs for every Jew. The Arabs felt that they were loosing control of their “country!”

25. British Mandate in Palestine Created July, 1922

26. Jewish Settlements: The Kibbutz System  First one founded in 1908.  Communal living.  “Make the Desert Bloom!”  First one founded in 1908.  Communal living.  “Make the Desert Bloom!”

27. Palestine Arab Revolt: 1936-1939 The Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj Amin al-Hussani, with Adolf Hitler.  An end to Jewish immigration to Palestine.  An end to the transfer of lands to Jewish owners.  A new “general representative government.”  An end to Jewish immigration to Palestine.  An end to the transfer of lands to Jewish owners.  A new “general representative government.” Their Goals:

28. The Peel Commissio n Partition Plan, 1937

29. Hitler’s “Final Solution ” The Jewish population in each country in 1942.

30. The Nazi Holocaust  6,000,00 Jews killed by the Nazis [1/2 in the concentration camps.]

31. U. N. Partition Plan of 1947

32. Israel Becomes a Nation: May 14, 1948 David Ben-Gurion, 1 st Prime Minister Chaim Weizmann, 1 st President

33. War Begins!: May 15, 1948

34. Arab Refugees, 1948 The Palestinian Diaspora begins!

35. Armistice Signed, 1949

36. II. Effects of creation of Israel A. Palestinians became refugees in other countries throughout the middle east.

37. Map of Palestinian Refugees According to the map, what was one result of the creation of Israel?

38. B. Terrorism is a constant threat in Israel

39. C. Israel Puts up a wall around Palestinian areas to prevent terrorist from moving into Israeli areas

40. Arab-Israeli Conflict I.Creation of Israel (1947) 1.United Nations decided to partition Palestine between Jews and Palestinians. 2.Jewish state = Israel. 3.Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia & Syria declare war on Israel. II.The Suez Crisis (1956) 1.Egypt gains control of the Suez Canal. 2.Israel (w/ Britain & France) fight for control of the canal. A.Outside pressure to stop the war. III.The Six-Day War (1967) 1.Israel strikes Middle Eastern airfields. 2.Arabs backed by the Soviets. 3.15,000 Arabs dead. IV.Yom Kippur War (1973) 1.Joint Arab attack on Jewish holy day. 2.Creates a truce after a few weeks.