1. Evidence for Evolution (Cont’d)
1.  The Fossil Record
2.  Biogeography 
3.  Anatomy
4.  Embryology 
5.  Molecular Biology
6. Artificial Selection (last class)  
Watch this:

2. 3. Anatomical Evidence

3. Homologous Body Structures
Helps biologists group animals according to how recently they shared a common ancestor
Dolphins look more like fish but their homologies show they are mammals. They have lungs rather than gills and obtain oxygen from air, not water. (evolved from land mammals, not fish)

4. Homologous Body Structures
similar structures inherited from a common ancestor that have different functions in modern species
metacarpals
humerus
ulna
radius
phalanges
Similar structures in different organisms have different functions (you would think similar structures would have similar function)
What struck Darwin: what usefulness can finger bones be in a whale flipper; that almost all mammals have precisely 28 skull bones and 7 neck bones regardless of their skull sizes and neck size. So if species had been created in their present forms, why would the skull of a whlae have the same number of bones as the skull of a ouse, and why would the giraffe not be given more neck bones than mammals with the shorter necks
Hair is homologous in mammals
Similar in number and arrange-ments

5. Analogous Body Structures
Structures of organisms that are not from a common ancestor but perform similar functions
These wings are for flying but have different structures

6. Homology vs. Analogy
Something you can relate to.
Homology: traits inherited by two different organisms from a common ancestor
Analogy: similarity due to convergent evolution, not common ancestry

7. Pig feet- toes never touch the ground
Vestigial organs
- remains of a structure that was once functional (e.g. human tailbone)
The presence of the organ does not affect its ability to survive and reproduce, so natural selection does not eliminate it
demonstrates evidence of change over time
Cave fish with no eye
Pig feet- toes never touch the ground

8. Vestigial organs: evolutionary baggage
Vestigial structures = evolutionary baggage- features that in an ancestor had served a useful purpose, but had become useless or greatly distorted as the species evolved

9. Vestigial Structures
Examples: wings on flightless birds, human coccyx and appendix
The appendix, for instance, is believed to be a remnant of a larger, plant-digesting structure found in our ancestors.

10. 4. Evidence from Embryology
All vertebrates embryos develop similarly
Similar genes that define their basic body plan
We have ‘tails’ as embryos

11. Which is the human embryo?

12. PIG FETUS
Answer:  All of them except the one above, which is a pig.

14. 5. Evidence from Molecular Biology
All organisms use DNA and RNA to transmit genetic information
ATP is an energy carrier in all organisms.
Similar amino acid sequences in proteins
Human and Chimp Karyotype idiogram

15. BIOCHEMICAL EVIDENCE
DNA, Amino Acids, Cytochrome C, hemoglobin are similar in related organisms

16. Comparative hemoglobin structure
Human
Macaque
Dog
Bird
Frog
Lamprey 8 32 45 67
125 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
100
110
120
Number of amino acid differences between
hemoglobin (146 aa) of vertebrate species and that of humans

17. STSE- A Chickenosaurus ?!
Hans Larsson,
Canada Research Chair in Macro- Evolution at Montreal's McGill University
"If I can demonstrate clearly that the potential for dinosaur anatomical development exists in birds, then it again proves that birds are direct descendants of dinosaurs."

19. To ponder: Adaptation? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NOjFA4V_Ks4Or
Same story but different treatment for Chris P. Bacon:

20. Uhm, what evidence would falsify my evolution theory
Uhm, what evidence would falsify my evolution theory? Think about it kids.

21. Btw, if I were still alive, I would be wearing pink today

22. Homework Consolidation Read pg. 296-302 Pg. 303 #4-7 Pg. 303 #1 and 2
Summarize the various kinds of evidence for evolution (i.e., that all living organisms descended from a common ancestor)
Remember: Population evolve; Individuals do not