1. What nationality was Louis Pasteur? Name one thing that he did that was important. Why is Antony van Leeuwenhoek important to microbiology? 1

2. What is the name of the Austrian physician who showed that when physicians washed their hands before delivering babies the mothers did not get infected and die (nearly so often)? We often keep track of the history of the world by its wars. What war occurred during the period associated with “the golden age of Microbiology”? 2

3. A ______________ is made up of two or more atoms joined together by covalent bonds. A solution with a pH of 5 is how many times more acidic than a solution of pH 7? A ____________ is a large molecule made up of many similar or identical subunits. Water molecules associate with each other because they are held together by ___________ bonds. 3

4. Diffusion of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration occurs because of which law of thermodynamics? The diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane such as a cell membrane is called _____. Name one molecule (other than water) that can diffuse unaided through a biological membrane. Name one molecule that can’t. 4

5. What part of a microscope focuses light but does not magnify? The difference between light and dark areas in some being viewed is called___________. The ability to distinguish two points as being separate from each is called____________. 5

6. A biological membrane is comprised of two types of molecules, ______ and _______. Peptidoglycan is made of long chains of two monomers, ______ and ______, and is crosslinked together by _____ ______. A bacterium placed in a very salty solution has been put into a hypo/iso/hyper tonic environment (compared to the cell)? 6

7. Remembering the magnification power of most ocular lenses, the total magnification achieved when viewing an object with the 4x objective lens is ____. A Gram positive bacterium will NOT be composed of which one of the following macromolecules? A. protein b. peptidoglycan c. lipopolysaccharide d. phospholipid e. teichoic acid With electron microscopy, a periplasmic space is visible in Gram positive/ Gram negative bacteria. 7

8. In Gram negative bacteria, a lipoprotein helps to attach the outer membrane to what structure? The outer membrane contains transport proteins made of 3 subunits that are called _______. The part of lipopolysaccharide that makes up the outer leaflet of the outer membrane is called ______. 8

9. What are the 3 domains of living things? What organisms can reproduce and cause disease but aren’t considered alive? Why aren’t they considered alive? A nanometer is how much smaller than a micrometer? 9

10. Put these in order of size from smallest to largest: E. coli; liver cell; protein; glucose; ribosome “Daltons” is equivalent to what other units? The type of microscopy we use in class where objects look dark against a bright background is called _________. 10

11. Name 3 critical components that we find in all types of cells. What ion is accumulated by all types of cells? You are viewing a bacterium under the microscope and it is 3 micrometers long. Would you be surprised? If you are viewing this bacterium using the 100x objectives, how big will it appear to be? 11

12. Bacteria with a thick layer of peptidoglycan in the cell wall usually appear as what color in a Gram stain? What more familiar molecule does teichoic acid most closely resemble? Name 3 advantages of having a capsule or slime layer. 12

13. Identify what type of molecule makes up each: slime layer S layer fimbria flagellum plasmid What is the purpose of inclusions in bacterial cells? Structure that help a bacterium respond to a magnetic field are called ________. 13

14. The molecule an enzyme acts on is called the _____. Name two characteristics of any catalyst. Why does a bacterium need so many genes? How does a competitive inhibitor work? How does an allosteric inhibitor work? 14

15. Give an example of an organic enzyme cofactor and an inorganic one. Why do reversible reactions that take place in a cell go in the direction that they do? Define the following: anabolism; catabolism; chemoorganotroph; chemolithotroph; heterotroph; autotroph; phototroph; 15

16. The molecule that serves as electron acceptor for most catabolic redox reactions is ______. The molecule that supplies energy to power many biosynthetic reactions is _______. Pentose phosphate and Entner-Doudoroff are pathways that start with what organic compound? Pentose phosphate pathway provides two molecules useful for biosynthesis, _______ and _______. 16

17. Describe the primary function of the Krebs Cycle in aerobic metabolism. Describe the primary function of the Krebs Cycle in anaerobic metabolism. Why must the electron transport chain be located in the cell membrane and not in the cytoplasm? Addition of a phosphate group, as in the synthesis of ATP from ADP, is called _______. 17

18. In the oxidation of the carbons of glucose to carbon dioxide in aerobic metabolism, enough electrons are removed to make about 32 ATP. In fermentation, only enough oxdiation occurs to make 2 ATP. What happens to the other electrons? Methane (CH4) can serve as an electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration, true or false? What molecule serves as the final electron acceptor in fermentation? 18

19. Define facilitated diffusion. Group translocation is used to transport what type of molecule into a bacterium? What molecule provides the energy source for group translocation? Describe two “forms of energy” that can be used for active transport. 19

20. Name 10 macronutrients. A fastidious bacterium generally requires what? What type of bacterium would you expect to find growing in a sewage treatment plant, an oligotroph or a copiotroph? A culture medium containing yeast extract would be classified as a ______ medium. 20

21. Name one enzyme known to break down a toxic by- product of oxygen. An alkalophile is an organism that grows best under what conditions? A bacterium that can grow using oxygen or by fermentation is called a _______ ___________. With regard to temperature, a bacterium that causes an infection in a mammal would be classified as a _ 21

22. How would you classify and organism that grows well in a desert? Where would you find a halophile growing? Bacterial growth is defined as an increase in size of ________. Define “generation time”. 22

23. Draw the bacterial growth curve. Correctly label the axes and label the different phases of growth. True or false: Counting the bacteria under the microscope is a direct count. Bacteria counted using the microscope are alive. What does “balanced growth” mean? 23