1. Typological & Functional Approaches
By Crystal (曾靖雅)
Gass, S. M., & Selinker, L. (2008). Second language acquisition: An introductory course (3rd ed.). New York: Routledge.

2. 2 Approaches to SLA 1 Typological Approach 2 Functional Approach
the study of the patterns exhibited in the languages worldwide
Functional Approach 2
the study of how language functions (tense/ aspect, which combines verb meanings, morphological form, and phonology)
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3. Typological Universal
The study of typological universals stem from work in linguistics by Greenberg (1963).
Linguists discover similarities/differences in Lg.
Linguists attempt to determine linguistic typologies or what “type” of langauges are possible.
If a language has feature X, it will also have feature Y.
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4. French (7-1) le chien de mon ami the dog of my friend
In language with prepositions, the genitive almost always follows the governing noun, while in languages with postpositions it almost precedes the noun.
French (7-1) le chien de mon ami the dog of my friend
Italian (7-3) il cane di mia madre the dog of my mother
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5. In languages with postpositions, such as Turkish, what we call prepositions follow the noun, where the morphological markers follow the noun
Turkish (7-4) a. deniz = an ocean b. denize = to an ocean c. denizin = of an ocean
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6. Predicted word order the leg of the table
English allows not only the predicted order, but also the unpredicted word order.
Predicted word order the leg of the table
Unpredicted word order my friend’s dog
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7. Languages with dominant verb-subject-object(VSO) order are always preposition.
Welsh (7-6) lladdwyd y dyn gan y ddraig Killed-passive the man by the dragon the man was killed by the dragon.
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8. Interlanguages are natural languages. (Adjemian, 1976, p.298)
Interlanguage: the language produced by a nonative speaker of a language (eg. A learner’s output). Refers to the systematic knowledge underlying learners’ production.
Natural Langauge: any human language shared by a community of speakers and developed over time by a general process of evolution.
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9. Hindi (7-7) Ram-ne seb kaya. Ram apple ate “Ram ate an apple.”
French (7-13) Jean a mange une pomme Jean has eaten an apple
Japanese (7-19) Taroo-ga ringo-o tabeta Taroo apple ate “Taroo ate an apple.”
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10. Head-initial Language Head-final Language Head = Verb
Table 7.1 Word orders
Hindi
French
Japanese
English
Basic order (V+O) OV VO
Aux + Verb
V Aux
Aux V
Preposition + Noun
(Postposition)
N Post
Prep N
N + Relative Clause
N + RC
RC + N
Possessive
Poss + N
N + Poss
Both
Adj + N
N + Adj
Head-initial Language
Head-final Language
Head = Verb
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11. Interlanguage Structural Conformity Hypothesis: All universals that are true for primary languages are also true for interlanguages. (Eckman, Moravcsik, and Wirth, 1989, p.195)
There are many ways in which universals can be expected to affect the development of SL grammars: (1) the shape of a learner’s grammar (2) acquisition order (marked form) (3) one of the interacting forces
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12. 7.2.1 Test case1: Accessibitiy Hierarchy (AH)
Keenan and Comrie (1977)
SU > DO > IO > OPREP > GEN > OCOMP
SU = subject That’s the man who ran away. The girl who came late is my mom.
DO = direct object That’s the man I saw yesterday. The girl Kate saw is my sister.
IO = Indirect object That’s the man to whom I gave the letter. The girl Whom I wrote a letter to is my sister.
OPREP = object of preposition relatives That’s the man I was talking about. The girl whom I sat next to is my sister.
GEN = genitive That’s the man whose sister I know. That girl whose father died told me she was sad.
OCOMP = object of comparative That’s the man I am taller than. The girl who Kate is smarter than is my sister.
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13. Gass (1979) (1)free compositions (2)sentence combining (3)grammaticality judgments
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14. Resumptive Pronoun Hierarchy
Hyltenstam (1984)
Resumptive pronoun
(7-25) She danced with the man who [*he] flew to Paris yesterday.
(7-26) The woman whom he danced with [her] flew to Paris yesterday.
OCOMP > GEN > OPREP > IO > DO > SU
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15. Resumptive Pronoun Hierarchy
2003, Comire, typology for some East Asian Lgs.
2003, O’Grady, Lee and choo, support AH.
2007, Jeon and Kim, head-external & head-internal relative clauses.
2007, Ozeki and Shirai, introduced another level of complexity.
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16. 7.2.2 Test case II the acquisition of questions
Wh- inversion implies wh-fronting (7-28) Whom will you see? S V VS => the question word or phrase is initial What is your daughter’s name? V S
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17. 7.2.3 Test case III voiced/ voiceless consonants
Phonology
Speakers of Spanish and Mandarin Chinese learning English.
Word-final voiceless sound
NL and language universals
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18. Conclusion
The domain of language universals is that of natural languages and not second languages
The domain of language universals is that of all linguistic systems – any failure to comply with a putative language universal would then be taken as evidence that description of the universal is incorrect
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19. How language functions for the communication purposes
Functional Approach
How language functions for the communication purposes
Tense and aspect: the Aspect Hypothesis
The discourse Hypothesis
Concept-oriented approach
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20. Tense and aspect: the Aspect Hypothesis
Learners recognize what morphological markers for verbs
1980s, a more sophisticated approach was taken to the L2 acquisition of tense-aspect morphology. That is “The Aspect Hypothesis.”
Punctual/ achievement/ state/ accomplishment verb
Target languages generally show: (1) Past/perfective: punctual/ achievement/ accomplishment (2) Imperfective: (durative) punctual/ achievement/ accomplishment (3) Progressive: strong duration or dynamic
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21. The discourse Hypothesis
At the acquisition, not only lexical meaning, but also structure of the discourse in which utterances appear.
An investigation of learning English, showing that “will” emerges prior to “going to” as an expression of futurity (1) formal complexity (2) “will” as a lexical marker (3) one-to-one principle.
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22. Concept-oriented approach
This approach is the need to map certain functions that the learner wants to express to the form that she or he needs to express it.
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23. Thank You !