1. CANADA AT THE TURN OF THE 19 TH CENTURY 1.2 – The effects of technology

2. Mass Society  Technological changes created by the industrial revolution created a “mass society”  Mass communication through telephone, radio and telegraph  The workforce became increasingly literate and newspapers became mass produced  Mass transport through the use of bicycle but was quickly replaced by motor cars

3.  Tea and bacon was mass produced for markets  Food could now be frozen, canned and shipped worldwide  New jobs were created thanks to the mass production  They had long hours though – 7:30am to 9:15pm  Mass entertainment  By 1909, 20 million people a week were watching films  Football leagues were created Mass Society

4. Effects of the Great Demand  Two new railway lines were created and subsidized by Laurier’s government  Grand Trunk Pacific: from Prince Rupert, BC to Winnipeg; linked to the National Transcontinental Railway from Winnipeg to Moncton  Canadian Northern Railway: from Vancouver to Montreal; was an alternative to the Canadian Pacific Railway  1 in 3 Canadian workers at this time worked with the railway  Laying tracks, producing machinery, etc.

5.  By World War I the railways were in financial trouble so the government took over both the Grand Trunk Pacific and Canadian Northern Railways and they became Canadian National Railways (CNR) Effects of the Great Demand

6. Importance of Railways  Railway was an important form of personal transportation (like cars today)  It was very important for commercial transport  Manufactured goods able to be carried West  Grain was carried east  Seasonal workers were carried West to work on farms  Served cities and industries close to the American border

7. Importance of Railways  Basis for settling the west  Immigrants were carried from ports in the East (Halifax) to western cities and farm communities  Brought Americans directly from the US to Canada  Provided work for railway workers  Industries and towns were created and grew along the rail lines  Grain elevators

8. Importance of Railways

9. 1. Why were subsidies important in this period of Canadian history? 2. What were the main reasons why railways were important for (a) industry and business, and (b) immigration and settlement. Importance of Railways

10. The Changing Face of Canada  New immigrants brought many changes to Canada  For example, place names  Appearance of communities based on ethnic origins of populations  British settlers had churches with steeples; Ukrainian Orthodox churches had onion-shaped domes  There was a shift from mostly rural population at Confederation to a large influx into urban centres  The growth of cities led to new jobs  Digging sewers, building streetcar tracks, paving streets, etc.

11.  Two Autonomy Bills formed two new provinces  Introduced by Laurier in 1905  Created Alberta (named after Queen Victoria’s husband) and Saskatchewan (Native word for its major river)  The new provinces were not given control of their own resources like the other provinces  The majority wanted a secular (non-religious) education system but Laurier allowed minorities to establish their own school if they wanted  In 1912 provinces boundaries extended to where they are now The Changing Face of Canada