1. Voyages, Trade, and Migrations in the Postclassical World

2. Islamic Empires Connected Asian, African, and European trade routes
Middle East was central trade hub
Influenced nomadic pastoralists of Central Asia, North Africa, and Sub-Saharan Africa

3. Sub-Saharan Africa
Borrowed heavily from Islamic culture in North Africa and the Middle East
Ivory, slaves, and gold

4. Byzantine Empire Constantinople was a trade hub linking Europe to Asia
Imported silk from China
Linked Rus (Russia) to the Mediterranean Sea

5. China Overseas trade Exported manufactured goods
Large number of trade contacts and markets
Transmitted culture to other parts of East and Southeast Asia

6. Mongols Connected civilizations in Europe and Asia
Spread Black Death (bubonic plague) to Europe

8. Bantu Migrations Agricultural society Nigeria/Cameroon c. 3,000 B.C.
spread East and South
Absorbed, killed, or drove away hunting and foraging people, or killed by contact with animal-borne diseases

9. Linguistic Map of Africa
Historiography of Bantu migrations:
Why did they migrate?
Cold war explanation= war
Post-CW= climate change!!!

10. Linguistic Map of Southeast Asia

11. Austronesian Migrations
Agricultural
Originated in southern China
Spread to Philippines, Indonesia, and Madagascar

12. Austronesian Migrations

13. Trade Routes On what major trade route is Roanoke located?
What other major trade routes have existed within the United States?
How has this changed over time?

14. Silk Roads
Link pastoral and agricultural peoples, inner and outer Asia
“relay trade”
Camel caravans
Classical period: links Rome, Han, Persia
7th and 8th centuries: links Byzantine, Abbasid, and Tang/Song
13th and 14th: Mongol Empire links Asia and Europe

16. Silk Roads Silk Disease Luxury good (elite)
Chinese monopoly on production until 600s
Disease
Smallpox and measles
Bubonic plague hits Byzantium 534 to 750
Reaches Europe from China during Mongol control of Silk Roads

17. Indian Ocean Trade Lower transportation costs= transport more goods
Major changes CE:
1. Reemergence of China
2. Rise of Islam (trade-friendly)

19. Southeast Asia
Heavily influenced by India (Hinduism and Buddhism) and China
Malay sailors opened all-sea route from India to China
Malay kingdom of Srivijaya
Gold, spices (cloves, nutmeg), taxes on ships
Buddhist monasteries
Borobudur
Angkor

20. Borobudur: 9th century Mahayana Buddhist temple (Java, Indonesia)

21. Angkor Wat (Hindu Buddhist temple in Cambodia)

22. East Africa: Swahili culture
Bantu migrations:
fishing & farming villages
Traded gold, ivory, quartz, leopard skins, slaves
Swahili city-states CE
cosmopolitan
Arab, Indian, and Persian visitors
Navigational knowledge

23. East Africa: Swahili culture
Social Stratification
Class distinctions between merchant elite and commoners
Islam as unifying force
Syncretism
Swahili language: African language written in Arabic
Great Zimbabwe
powerful inland state
supplier of gold to Indian Ocean trade network

24. Trans-Sahara trade North Africa
Began in Sudan with Niger Valley civilization
camel c. 300
gold* from West Africa
ivory, kola nuts, and slaves
Traded salt, horses, cloth, dates, manufactured
1300s: Mali monopolizes gold and salt trade

25. Trans-Sahara Trade Ghana, Mali, and Songhai West Africa
powerful trading kingdoms
Wealth from trade and slavery
West Africa
Cosmopolitan
Urban
Islamic

27. Famous Voyagers Who are some famous voyagers from history?
What sort of person goes on a voyage?
Have you ever been on a voyage?
What did you see, do, and learn?
Do you enjoy experiencing other cultures? Why?

28. Xuanzang 7th century Buddhist monk
Purpose was to find true Buddhist scriptures in India
Traveled on Silk Road,
converted pirates who tried to rob him
Importance: help understand Buddhism and cultures along Silk Road

30. Marco Polo Born in Venice to wealthy trading family
Traveled with father and uncle to China
employed by Kublai Khan (Mongol ruler) for 17 years
European interest in the East;

32. Ibn Btutta Arab scholar Born in Morocco
Visited Spain, Anatolia, West and East Africa, Arabia, Iraq, Persia, Central and Southeast Asia, India, China
Critical of Islam on the frontier
Importance: illustrate vast expanse of Islamic civilization, never an “outsider”

34. Zheng He
Led Chinese sailing expeditions throughout Indian Ocean basin and Southeast Asia
Large ships with trade goods and soldiers
Chinese government halted voyages
Uninterested in foreign trade
Costly wars against Mongols
Expensive building project in Beijing