1. Macromolecules Unit 1B

2. Organic Compounds Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic compounds. Carbon (C) has 4 valance electrons – it can bond up to 4 TIMES. Carboncovalent bonds 4 Carbon can form covalent bonds with as many as 4 other atoms (elements). C, H, O or N Usually with C, H, O or N. Example:CH4(methane) Example:CH4(methane)

3. Macromolecules Macromolecules=biomolecules=organic molecules Large organic molecules also called POLYMERS. Made of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS. Join monomers to form polymers =‘s POLYMERIZATION

4. Polymerization monomer polymer

5. Examples of Macromolecules: Carbohydrates – Sugars, starch Lipids – fats, oils, wax Proteins – muscles, enzymes Nucleic Acids - DNA and RNA

6. Forming of Macromolecules Macromolecules are formed in a process called dehydrations synthesis. Polymers are formed by combining monomers by “removing water”. HO HH H2OH2O H

7. Separation of Macromolecules Macromolecules are separated or digested in a process called hydrolysis. Polymers separate into monomers by “adding water”. HOH H2OH2O HH

8. Carbohydrates Elements: C - H - O (1:2:1 ratio) Monomer: monosaccharide- one sugar unit Polymer: polysaccharide- many sugar units Function: Used for Energy Ex: sugar, deoxyribose, ribose Ex: starch, cellulose, glycogen

9. LIPIDS Triglycerides: composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids H H-C----O H glycerol O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = fatty acids O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH =CH-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 =

10. LIPIDS Elements: C – H – O Monomer: Fatty Acid, glycerol Polymer: Lipids Function: Used to store energy long term (2 nd source of energy) Examples: Phospholipids, fats, oils, waxes, steroids, triglycerides Foods: veggie oil, olive oil, gristle on meat

11. Proteins (Polypeptides) Elements: C – H – O – N – (S) Monomer: Amino acid(20) Polymer: Protein- bonded by peptide bonds Function: Used in reactions, transport, bones and muscles Examples: Hemoglobin, melanin, enzymes, hormones, muscle Food: beef, chicken, fish

12. Nucleic Acids Elements: C – H – O – P – N Monomer: Nucleotide Polymer: Nucleic Acid Function: Store and transmit genetic information Example: DNA (deoxyribose nucleic acid/double stranded) RNA (ribonucleic acid/single stranded) Nitrogenous base sugar phosphate

13. Organic Substances CarbohydratesProteinsLipidsNucleic Acids

14. Organic Substances CarbohydratesProteinsLipidsNucleic Acids

15. Organic Substances CarbohydratesProteinsLipidsNucleic Acids

16. Organic Substances CarbohydratesProteinsLipidsNucleic Acids

17. Organic Substances CarbohydratesProteinsLipidsNucleic Acids

18. Organic Substances CarbohydratesProteinsLipidsNucleic Acids

19. Organic Substances CarbohydratesProteinsLipidsNucleic Acids

20. Organic Substances CarbohydratesProteinsLipidsNucleic Acids

21. Organic Substances CarbohydratesProteinsLipidsNucleic Acids

22. Organic Substances CarbohydratesProteinsLipidsNucleic Acids Sugars Starches Meats Hormones Muscle Hair Nails Enzymes Blood Cells Fats Oils Waxes DNA RNA