1. Latin American Peoples Win Independence

2. European Empires: 1660s

3. Latin American Revolutions!

4. 16c-18c: New Ideas Brewing in Europe

5. Early Struggles in Latin America The Enlightenment and the American and French revolutions inspired some in Latin America to seek greater freedom. Haiti was the first Latin American territory to break ties with EuropeHaiti was the first Latin American territory to break ties with Europe Was one of France’s most important territoriesWas one of France’s most important territories Used slave labor in which masters use brutal methodsUsed slave labor in which masters use brutal methods French Revolution greatly influenced both European plantation owners & slavesFrench Revolution greatly influenced both European plantation owners & slaves Revolution in Haiti (1791-1804) Former slave who led slave revolts against FrenchFormer slave who led slave revolts against French By 1801 he freed all enslaved AfricansBy 1801 he freed all enslaved Africans In 1802, French troops imprisoned L’OuvertureIn 1802, French troops imprisoned L’Ouverture Napoleon later “gave up” territories in N. & L. AmericaNapoleon later “gave up” territories in N. & L. America Jean-Jacques Dessaline declared Haiti an independent country in 1804Jean-Jacques Dessaline declared Haiti an independent country in 1804 Toussaint L’Ouverture

6. Latin America Socially Divided Social class, based on race & ethnicity, dictated people’s place in society At top of society were peninsulares = born in Spain - Tiny % of popul., could hold high gov’t office Second to the top were the creoles = Spaniards born in Latin America - No high gov’t office, but could rise as officers in army Third were the mestizos = persons of mixed European and Indian ancestry Fourth were the mulattos = persons of mixed European and African ancestry - Also included African slaves Indians were at the bottom of the social ladder

7. Revolutions in Venezuela, Ecuador, & Peru 1811-18221811-1822Why? Creoles were least oppressed, but best educatedCreoles were least oppressed, but best educated –Learned of Enlightenment ideas & Revolutions Creoles felt no loyalty to French king (Napoleon)Creoles felt no loyalty to French king (Napoleon) –When king deposed, power should shift to the people (Locke)

8. Creoles Lead Independence in Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru  Simón Bolivar  Wealthy Venezuelan creole  Spent time in Europe and the newly-independent United States  Called “Libertador” (liberator)  Led volunteer army of revolutionaries in struggle for independence  Won Venezuela’s independence in 1821

10. Hugo Chávez has said: “What Simón Bolívar is to the Venezuelan people, Gaddafi is to the Libyan people.” Photograph: EPA © 2012 Guardian News and Media Limited

11. A man walks next to a mural painting depicting Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez and Liberator Simon Bolivar in Caracas, Nov. 30, 2006. (Juan Barreto/AFP/Getty Images)

12. President Chávez exhumed and reburied Bolívar’s remains in 2011 (marked the 181 st anniversary of his death in 1830)

13. Creoles Lead Independence  José de San Martin  Argentinian military officer  Won Argentina’s independence in 1816  Led army against Spanish forces to free Chile  Partnered with Bolivar to drive Spanish forces out of Peru  Decisive victory at Battle of Ayacucho in 1824  Future countries of Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, & Ecuador united into Gran Colombia

14. Simón Bolivar Meets José de San Martin

15. Bolivar & San Martin Fight for Independence!

16. Mexico Ends Spanish Rule 1810-18211810-1821 Ethnic & racial groups mixed freelyEthnic & racial groups mixed freely –Indians & mestizos led revolution –Why? Unsatisfied w/social status, oppression Religious beliefsReligious beliefs Padre Miguel Hidalgo, priest of village of Dolores, called for rebellion against the Spanish in 1811Padre Miguel Hidalgo, priest of village of Dolores, called for rebellion against the Spanish in 1811 –grito de Dolores (cry of Dolores) –Defeated by Spanish army & creoles near Mexico City, but later imprisoned/executed Padre José María Morelos led revolution for four more years but was defeated in 1815Padre José María Morelos led revolution for four more years but was defeated in 1815 Augustín de Iturbide (who had defeated Morelos), proclaimed Mexico’s independence in 1821Augustín de Iturbide (who had defeated Morelos), proclaimed Mexico’s independence in 1821

17. Brazil’s Royal Liberator Independence occurred w/o violence or bloodshedIndependence occurred w/o violence or bloodshed When Napoleon’s army approached Portugal, the prince and royal family escaped to Rio de Janeiro in BrazilWhen Napoleon’s army approached Portugal, the prince and royal family escaped to Rio de Janeiro in Brazil After Napoleon’s defeat, the royal family went back to Portugal except for Dom Pedro, who stayed in BrazilAfter Napoleon’s defeat, the royal family went back to Portugal except for Dom Pedro, who stayed in Brazil In 1822, Brazilians demanded independence from Portugal and petitioned for Dom Pedro to rule BrazilIn 1822, Brazilians demanded independence from Portugal and petitioned for Dom Pedro to rule Brazil Sept. 7, 1822 – Dom Pedro declared Brazil’s independenceSept. 7, 1822 – Dom Pedro declared Brazil’s independence Flag of the Empire of Brazil, 1822- 1889 Pedro de Alcântara Francisco António João Carlos Xavier de Paula Miguel Rafael Joaquim José Gonzaga Pascoal Cipriano Serafim de Bragança e Bourbon

18. Latin American States After the Revolutions

19. How were the Latin American Revolutions similar? Influence of Enlightenment (equality, natural rights)Influence of Enlightenment (equality, natural rights) Social diversity & discriminationSocial diversity & discriminationBUT… Different groups started the revoltsDifferent groups started the revolts Haiti  Enslaved Africans L. America  Creoles Mexico  Religious figures Brazil  Royal family

20. Were the Latin American Revolutions as successful as American and French? American & French revolutions led to democratic principles, limited monarchiesAmerican & French revolutions led to democratic principles, limited monarchies Latin American revolutions reinstated strong central authorities w/no democracy (emperors)Latin American revolutions reinstated strong central authorities w/no democracy (emperors) Why?Why? –Diverse people –Diverse perspectives on gov’t –Economic problems –Lack of resources