1. Introduction to Information Technology Chapter 1 Concept of Information Technology

2. Introduction to Information Technology 2 Information Technology Information Technology (IT) entails all aspects of managing and processing information. Information Technology includes any and all hardware, software, and data used to create, store, process, and communicate information electronically as well as services that are utilized to maintain operations of resources. Purpose of Information Technology There are many purposes of IT. IT is used - To improve operations of any organization/individual by utilizing technology as the underling tool to improve the processing and dissemination of information. in helping organizations achieve profitable results and keep competitive forces in check. in optimizing effectiveness and efficiency of processes within the industry it is used, whether education, business, science etc. to solve problems.

3. Introduction to Information Technology 3 Functions of Information Technology Provide supporting information to assist managers in making strategic decisions Provide effective communication Allows the effective Management of Information – capturing, generation, storage, retrieval and transmission of information Benefits of Information Technology Speed: The processing of transactions is carried out at high speeds. The ability of computers to perform information processing in fractions of a second primarily facilitates high processing speed. For example computers are able to perform complex mathematical calculation within milliseconds. Consistency: Once a computer has been given the correct instructions to execute a specific command, that command will be executed consistently without variation each time. For example the addition of the two numbers one (1) and five (5) will result in the answer six (6) each time the addition is carried out..

4. Introduction to Information Technology 4 Contd….. Storage: A computer can transfer data quickly from storage to memory process it and then store it again for future use. Reliability: Computer systems provide reliability by ensuring consistency, speed and precision in the execution of tasks. Additionally, computers can carry out human related tasks with greater efficiency and minimized error. Communications: Most Computers today can communicate with other computers without wires. Application of Information Technologyتطبيق تقنية المعلومات  Tourism Industry صناعة السياحةEducationتعليم  EdutainmentEntertainment  BusinessScience  Architectureهندسة معمارية Personal computing etc.

5. Introduction to Information Technology 5 Computer It is an Electronics Device which performs Arithmetic's and Logical operations. A machine that accepts input (raw data), processes that input, and produces output (information).

6. Introduction to Information Technology 6 1.2 The “All-Purpose Machine”: The Varieties of Computers 1.Supercomputers 2.Mainframes 3.Workstations 4.Microcomputers 5.Microcontrollers

7. Introduction to Information Technology 7 Supercomputers Fastest computer Can cost one million to 350 million dollars looks like rows of refrigerator- size boxes Consists of thousands of processors and can carry out several trillion calculations per second. Used for computer simulations  tracking hurricanes, biological contamination, or understanding ocean currents.

8. Introduction to Information Technology 8 Mainframes Small mainframes (mid-size computers or minicomputers). 5,000 to 5 million dollars Used in large organizations – banks, airlines, insurance companies, colleges. Processes billions of instructions per second. Often used with a terminal.

9. Introduction to Information Technology 9 Workstations usually used for complex scientific, mathematical, and engineering calculations and for computer-aided design Example: designing airplanes, special effects in movies

10. Introduction to Information Technology 10 Microcomputer Personal Computer (PC)  Tower PC  Desktop PC  Laptop / Notebook  Personal digital assistants (PDAs), also called handheld computers or palmtops Mac  While a Mac is a PC, most people relate the term, PC, with systems that run the Windows operating system.

11. Introduction to Information Technology 11 Other types of microcomputers. Laptop computer Personal Digital Assistant

12. Introduction to Information Technology 12 Servers The word “server” refers to how a computer is used. Server - a central computer that holds collections of data & programs for clients Clients - PCs, workstations, & other devices attached to a server Server + Clients linked together form a client/server network

13. Introduction to Information Technology 13 Units of Size UnitAbbreviationSize (bytes) bitb1/8 byteB1 kilobyteKB2 10 = 1024 megabyteMB2 20 = 1,048,576 gigabyteGB2 30 = 1,073,741,824 terabyteTB2 40 = 1,099,511,627,776 petabytePB2 50 = 1,125,899,906,842,624

14. Introduction to Information Technology 14 Computers consist of hardware and software.. Hardware  All the machinery and equipment in a computer system  Tangible Software  All the instructions that tell the computer how to perform a task  Intangible

15. Introduction to Information Technology 15 All computers follow the same five basic operations.. 1. Input 2. Processing 3. Storage 4. Output 5. Communications

16. Introduction to Information Technology 16 Input Keyboard Mouse

17. Introduction to Information Technology 17 Processing - Manipulating data into information Case or system cabinet  the box that houses the processor chip (CPU – Central Processing Unit) memory chips (RAM) motherboard with power supply secondary storage devices video card Etc. …..

18. Introduction to Information Technology 18 Motherboard Motherboard - the main circuit board in the computer. Everything else attaches to the motherboard through connections called ports. Expansion slots - “plugs” on the motherboard for expanding the PC’s capabilities via additional circuit boards.

19. Introduction to Information Technology 19 Processing Processor chip A tiny piece of silicon that contains millions of miniature electronic circuits. FrontBack

20. Introduction to Information Technology 20 Storage Primary storage  Computer circuitry that temporarily holds data waiting to be processed and after it has been processed  Also called: Memory or primary memory : location of data on which computation is performed. It is two type - RAM – Random Access Memory : It is volatile memory (Temporary storage) ROM – Read Only Memory : It is non-volatile memory

21. Introduction to Information Technology 21 RAM Memory chips

22. Introduction to Information Technology 22 Secondary storage  The area in the computer where data or information is held permanently  Also simply called: Storage

23. Introduction to Information Technology 23 Storage capacity is measured in: 1 byte - 1 character is represented using 1 byte. = 8 bits (a bit is a 0 or a 1) 1 kilobyte - 1,024 characters. = 2 10 bytes (approx. 10 3 bytes) 1 megabyte - 1,048,576 characters. = 2 20 bytes (approx. 10 6 bytes) 1 gigabyte - more than 1 billion characters. = 2 30 bytes (approx. 10 9 bytes) 1 terabyte - more than 1 trillion characters. = 2 40 bytes (approx. 10 12 bytes)

24. Introduction to Information Technology 24 Storage Zip disk Floppy disk

25. Introduction to Information Technology 25 Storage Hard-disk drive

26. Introduction to Information Technology 26 Storage CD drive

27. Introduction to Information Technology 27 Storage Flash Memory Sticks

28. Introduction to Information Technology 28 Output Speakers

29. Introduction to Information Technology 29 Speaker output requires a sound card. Sound card

30. Introduction to Information Technology 30 Output Monitor

31. Introduction to Information Technology 31 A video card controls the video display of your monitor.

32. Introduction to Information Technology 32 Output Printer

33. Introduction to Information Technology 33 Communications

34. Introduction to Information Technology 34 Put all the hardware together and…

35. Introduction to Information Technology 35 You still need the software! System software Helps the computer perform essential operating tasks and enables the application software to run

36. Introduction to Information Technology 36 You still need the software! Application software Enables you to perform specific tasks--solve problems, perform work, or entertain yourself

37. Introduction to Information Technology 37 Concept of Data The purpose of a computer is to process data into information. Data The raw facts and figures that are processed into information. Information The Processed Data is known as Information. Data that has been summarized or otherwise manipulated for use in decision making. Record : Collection Data is known as Record. File : Collection of record to store at a place is known as file. Knowledge : K nowledge is the appropriate collection of information, such that it's intent is to be useful. Knowledge is a deterministic process. When someone "memorizes" information, then they have collective knowledge. This knowledge has useful meaning to them.

38. Introduction to Information Technology 38 Characteristics of information خصائص المعلومات 1. Accurate, clear, timely, complete yet concise 2. receiver has confidence in it 3. appropriate channel, given to right person, should not be excessive 4. cost effective 5. must have a purpose, relevant for the purpose (user related)

39. Introduction to Information Technology 39 Operating System An operating system (O/S), affects the control and performance of a computer system. Controls hardware. Tells computer what to do and how to do it. Provides the user interface between user and computer hardware (h/w). The operating system is a set of programs residing in main memory (RAM) which directs all computer operations.

40. Introduction to Information Technology 40 Functions of Operating system Control/Co-ordinate/configure the various devices. (i.e. To Make sure that fast devices do not have to wait for slow ones and that the computer as a whole works efficiently). Control the allocation and utilisation of shared resources (e.g. CPU time, storage space, I/O devices). Start up or boot up the computer. Protect the hardware and software from improper use. Maintain system integrity. Deal with errors. Keep records/statistics of programs run - date, time, cost, use of resources etc. (Monitor performance) Send and receive messages Provide for the management, scheduling and interaction of tasks. Administer security Control a network Establish an internet connection Provide file management and other utilities

41. Introduction to Information Technology 41 Software It is a program ie. Set of instructions which drive the hardware. Collection of machine interpretable instructions that define the activities related to performing a specific task by computer. (i.e. tell computer what to do). Types of Software The software's are two types – System Software - System software consists of the programs that control or maintain the operations of the computer and its devices Application software - Application software are defined to fulfil a specific set of activities. E.g. Accounting, banking, Hospital, University etc.

42. Introduction to Information Technology 42 Thank you

43. Introduction to Information Technology 43 Concept Check What are the five sizes of computers from largest to smallest? Supercomputer, mainframe, workstation, microcomputer, microcontroller

44. Introduction to Information Technology 44 Concept Check What is the term for a computer used to hold collections of data and programs for connecting PCs, workstations, and other devices? Server

45. Introduction to Information Technology 45 Concept Check What are the five basic operations that computers have in common? Input, processing, storage, output, and communications

46. Introduction to Information Technology 46 Concept Check Which type of storage is composed of computer circuitry that temporarily holds data waiting to be processed? Primary storage (memory)

47. Introduction to Information Technology 47 Concept Check What computer device consists of electronic circuitry that executes instructions to process data? CPU (Central Processing Unit)

48. Introduction to Information Technology 48 Concept Check Are RAM chips used for primary or secondary storage? Primary - they’re also called memory chips.

49. Introduction to Information Technology 49 Concept Check What is the name of the main circuit board in the computer, to which everything else is attached via connections called ports? Motherboard

50. Introduction to Information Technology 50 Concept Check How many characters can be represented by a byte? A kilobyte? A byte represents a single character; 1, 024 characters make a kilobyte

51. Introduction to Information Technology 51 Concept Check What is the name for the unit of storage capacity representing one billion characters? One gigabyte

52. Introduction to Information Technology 52 Concept Check What is the name for any component or piece of equipment that expands a computer’s input, storage, and/or output capabilities? A zip-disk drive is an example of this type of component. Peripheral device

53. Introduction to Information Technology 53 Concept Check What type of software includes the operating system and the master control program that runs the computer? System software