1. Junfeng (Jim) Zhang, PhD Professor of Environmental and Occupational Health UMDNJ- School of Public Health Presented at NJ Clean Air Council Presented at NJ Clean Air Council April 14, 2010 Public Hearing

2. Daytime in London, December 19521952 Source: National Archives Particle levels – 3,000 g/m3

3. 2.0 - 1.5 - 1.0 - 0.5 - Smoke and sulphur dioxide, mg/m 3 November December 15 20 25 30 5 10 15 20 - 1000 - 900 - 800 - 700 - 600 - 500 - 400 - 300 - 200 - 100 Deaths per diem Greater London, 1952 Smoke Sulphur dioxide Deaths mg/m 3 not ug/m 3

4. Pittsburg During the Pre-EPA Industrial Era U. Pittsburgh

5. Pittsburgh in 2009

6. NYC Thanksgiving Smog Episode

7. Coal Burning Banned in NYC EPA formed by Nixon SO 2 Concentrations in NYC

8. Major improvement since the 1960s 1975 – post CAA Sulfur Dioxide Concentrations in New Jersey 1975-2006 Second Highest Daily Average

9. Smoke Shade as and indicator of Particulate Matter – 10X Reduction CAA Figure 11 Long Term Trend in Particulate Levels State Average 1967-2006

10. Middle of proposed revision

11. NJ has substantially improved Air Quality and reduced unhealthy levels of Air Pollution Criteria Pollutants Reductions to meet the original standards Reductions to meet mandates of Revised Standards Reasons Sound implementation Plans Regional and Local strategies Verdict

12. Contact with pollutant (Exposure) Dose Poison (Health Effects)

13. Historically – Just about anywhere Outdoors – very high pollution levels – An important consideration since: Houses were not well insulated – High AER led to high indoor levels from outdoor air No Air Conditioning increased Outdoor Air Pollution indoors and increased exposure to outdoor air pollution More Urban living in NJ Less Travel Contact with Air Pollution

14. Currently Outdoors is still dominant for some pollutants but at much lower levels Indoors -- especially for VOCs and SVOCs, the levels will be higher than measured outdoors Transportation More suburban living More in-transit time Contact with Air Pollution

15. Challenging Issues Healthy Communities and Environmental Justice Identifying problems, e.g. invisible sources under blue sky Smoking gun– new pollutants Air toxics: little actions on them Pollution hot spots Within a community Living near roads Contact with Air Pollution

16. Future Types of Sources Outdoors – for the foreseeable future most will be the same Energy sources may change if the country finally gets focused on energy independence Energy conservation and efficiency Renewable energy and nuclear power Fuel-efficient vehicles Electric cars – Not environmentally neutral – may shift the pollution sources Science, technology, public awareness, and policy Contact with Air Pollution