1. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1 st edition © 2010 Cengage Learning Human Development Welcome Sign in Where we are going this unit Human Development

2. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1 st edition © 2010 Cengage Learning Exam Unit 2 Psychosocial processes influencing development and function Principles of learning Learning theories Principles of memory Memory theories Influence of language on problem solving and thinking Capabilities and limitation of intelligence and personality tests Theories of motivation Theories of emotion

3. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1 st edition © 2010 Cengage Learning Psychosocial Process that Influence Development and Functioning Define development Nature/Nurture Attachment Parenting styles Erikson’s stages –Gender –Play –Identity Adulthood Dying

4. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1 st edition © 2010 Cengage Learning Development Changes in behavior and abilities Social forces influence Why study development?

5. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1 st edition © 2010 Cengage Learning http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ABzMA uI1vj0http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ABzMA uI1vj0

6. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1 st edition © 2010 Cengage Learning Nature-Nurture Revisited: Biology and Culture How much does one’s biology or environment impact development? Nature Nurture Factors interact in a complex manner Questions to asks

7. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1 st edition © 2010 Cengage Learning Parental Influence Parents are major influence on a child’s development Research has focused on attachment and parenting styles

8. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1 st edition © 2010 Cengage Learning Attachment Attachment is a lasting emotional bond that one person has with another.

9. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1 st edition © 2010 Cengage Learning Attachment Styles Mary Ainsworth –Developed “strange situation” to research qualitative differences in attachment Strange Situation –A laboratory procedure for measuring attachment by evoking infants’ reactions to the stress of various adults’ comings and goings in an unfamiliar playroom.

10. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1 st edition © 2010 Cengage Learning Key behaviors to observe: –Exploration of the toys. A secure toddler plays happily. –Reaction to the caregiver’s departure. A secure toddler misses the caregiver. –Reaction to the caregiver’s return. A secure toddler welcomes the caregiver’s reappearance –http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QTsewNrH UHU&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QTsewNrH UHU&feature=related –http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zWsyIVVvD dw&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zWsyIVVvD dw&feature=related –http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i5MudJ7yxk E&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i5MudJ7yxk E&feature=related

11. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1 st edition © 2010 Cengage Learning Measuring Attachment

12. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1 st edition © 2010 Cengage Learning Identified four attachment styles –Secure, avoidant, resistant, disorganized/disoriented Culture and different child-rearing practices influence attachment

13. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1 st edition © 2010 Cengage Learning Goodness of Fit Defined So what?

14. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1 st edition © 2010 Cengage Learning Synchrony A coordinated, rapid, and smooth exchange of responses between a caregiver and an infant

15. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1 st edition © 2010 Cengage Learning Is Synchrony Needed for Normal Development? Experiments using the still-face technique http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=apzXGEbZ ht0http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=apzXGEbZ ht0 –An experimental practice in which an adult keeps his or her face unmoving and expressionless in face-to-face interaction with an infant –Babies are very upset by the still face and show signs of stress Conclusions: –A parent’s responsiveness to an infant aids psychological and biological development –Infants’ brains need social interaction to develop to their fullest

16. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1 st edition © 2010 Cengage Learning Parenting Styles Diana Baumrind (1967, 1971). Parents differ on four important dimensions: 1.Expressions of warmth: 2.Strategies for discipline: 3.Communication: 4.Expectations for maturity:

17. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1 st edition © 2010 Cengage Learning © 2009 Allyn & Bacon Publishers Figure 8.4 Control, Acceptance, Parenting Style

18. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1 st edition © 2010 Cengage Learning Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development: The Influence of Culture Children and adults progress through eight developmental crises –Environment and person’s response to environment influence developmental path –Healthy or unhealthy personality characteristic Unhealthy resolution impairs later development, although damage can be repaired

19. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1 st edition © 2010 Cengage Learning Erikson’s Childhood Stages Trust vs. mistrust: infant’s needs must be met to develop trust in others Autonomy vs. shame and doubt: finding balance between independence and dependence Initiative vs. guilt: explore environment through trial and error; develop schemas of others’ expectations Industry vs. inferiority: form opinions about self based on mastering tasks, feelings of competency or inferiority

20. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1 st edition © 2010 Cengage Learning Gender Define gender Common misconception about gender: Sex-Gender-Sexuality Doing gender

21. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1 st edition © 2010 Cengage Learning Gender Role Development By 2 or 3 years At early age, children develop schemas about gender roles By age 6 –Gender occurs on a continuum Gender schema theory – modeling and reinforcement contribute to children’s construction of gender schemas

22. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1 st edition © 2010 Cengage Learning Influences on Gender Schemas Schemas are culturally defined and vary Gender role behavior is both nature and nurture? Fathers adhere more to gender stereotypes and are less accepting of cross-gender behaviors, especially for sons

23. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1 st edition © 2010 Cengage Learning Influences on Gender Schemas (cont.) Schools –Boys receive more positive and negative attention and are called on more often –Differences in response to work, career counseling Peer groups praise or punish behaviors –Why is she wearing those Thomas shoes?

24. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1 st edition © 2010 Cengage Learning Sexism’s influence on psychosocial processes Sexism defined Does this happened for men and women? Google images of man and woman How does this influence our notion of who we are? How we function?

25. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1 st edition © 2010 Cengage Learning Play Quality play Parents make no demands –No questions –No commands –No sarcasm Follow lead of children Engage under the direction of children

26. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1 st edition © 2010 Cengage Learning Play Take PRIDE in your play!! P- Praise R- Reflect I- Imitate D – Describe E- Enthusiasm

27. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1 st edition © 2010 Cengage Learning Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Adolescence and Adulthood Erikson viewed the four transitions of adolescence and adulthood as a process of building, modifying, and sustaining personal identity Developmental events must be mastered to successfully move on to next stage

28. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1 st edition © 2010 Cengage Learning © 2009 Allyn & Bacon Publishers Figure 12.1 Marcia’s Identity Statuses

29. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1 st edition © 2010 Cengage Learning Identity Pie

30. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1 st edition © 2010 Cengage Learning Intimacy vs. Isolation: Connect with Others Intimacy: Refine and modify identity to accommodate values and interests of another Intimacy involves cooperation, tolerance and acceptance of others’ views and values Expressed through marriage, long-term romantic partnerships, friendship, work relationships –The marital U curve Isolation: threatened by close relations with others

31. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1 st edition © 2010 Cengage Learning Generativity vs. Stagnation: Make the World a Better Place Generativity: feeling of having made meaningful contribution to society Marriage, child rearing, service to others, career accomplishments Can result in “second growth” Stagnation: sense of failure and absence of purpose –May become bitter, disenchanted –Midlife crisis

32. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1 st edition © 2010 Cengage Learning Integrity vs. Despair: No Regrets Review life and judge direction life has taken Positive feelings about choices – integrity Negative feeling – despair Facing death with either fear or regret

33. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1 st edition © 2010 Cengage Learning Kubler-Ross Stages Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance

34. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1 st edition © 2010 Cengage Learning Bereavement and Grief: How We Respond to Death Bereavement = experience of losing loved one Grief = emotional reaction to loss –We grieve differently –Cultural influences? Traditions –Grieve more than in death Although a personal experience, research has identified common themes within three phases

35. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1 st edition © 2010 Cengage Learning Phases Impact –Disbelief, numbness, which dulls emotional pain –Perform needed functions Confrontation –Deep despair and agony –Physical symptoms –Confronting loss Accommodation –Acceptance and reengagement