1. BELLWORK 1.Why were the first two years of WWI a stalemate? 2.Describe the living conditions in the trenches. 3.What is militarism? 4.How did Germany use U-boats? 5.Why did the U.S. get involved in WWI? (List all three reasons!) 6.THINKER: How did the U.S. entering WWI, change the war?

2. REMINDERS All late/missing work needs to be turned in by Wednesday. African map quiz on Wednesday/Thursday Unit 7 test on Friday Unit 7 study guide due Friday Tutorial Review on Tuesday. ***Study guide change……

3. The End of the War British blockade was starving Germany British began using tanks American convoy system shut down U-boat attacks American troops continued to advance, not giving Germans time to regroup

4. U.S. Convoy System A convoy is a group of vehicles (usually motor vehicles or ships) traveling together for mutual support and protection. Often, a convoy is organized with armed defensive support.

7. Ending the War The Central Powers began to collapse under constant Allied attacks. Germany’s allies, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire made peace with the Allied Powers. Separate states began declaring their independence from Austria-Hungary.

8. What happened to Russia? Czar Nicholas II was very unpopular in Russia. Morale in Russia was dropping quickly: no weapons, transportation, food shortages, government favored the military Revolutionary group wanted land for peasants, government aide, and Russia’s withdrawal from WWI Military starts to fail as soldiers stop fighting and join the revolution In November 1917, the Bolsheviks overthrow the government and establish communism. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk: March 3, 1918; Russia makes peace with Central Powers; loses territory of Poland, Finland, and Baltic states. Vladmir Lenin becomes leader of the new Soviet Union; relations worsen with Allied powers

10. End of WWI Germany surrenders - November 11, 1918 Germany’s leader steps down and establishes a provisional government

11. End of WWI Extremely high death toll.

12. Were you paying attention? List five events that led to Germany’s surrender.

13. Treaty of Versailles At the Paris Peace Conference in January 1919, the Allied leaders signed the Versailles Treaty. Germany signed the “War Guilt Clause” requiring them to take blame for the war –Germany must reduce their military –It demanded reparations, or payment for economic injury suffered during the war. It also created nine new countries out of the former Russian, German, and Austro- Hungarian territories.

14. President Wilson Strives for Peace Fourteen Points: plan for post-war European Peace. –Called for an end to alliances League of Nations: worldwide organization aimed at ensuring security and peace for all its members. Both were eventually rejected by Congress

15. Treaty of Versailles We are now going to take a closer look at the implications of the Treaty of Versailles. As I go through the powerpoint, take notes on: –What each country wanted from the Treaty –Everything Germany had to do Be ready to discuss! Treatyofversailles 2.ppt

16. The Treaty of Versailles June 1919

17. The Big Four Woodrow Wilson USA David Lloyd-George Great Britain Georges Clemenceau France Vittorio Orlando Italy

18. The Big Four at Versailles in 1919

19. What did France want from the treaty? Security Revenge Reparations Clemenceau : The Tiger Clemenceau wanted to make sure that Germany could not invade France in the future. He was determined that Germany should be made to pay for the damage that had been caused in northern France by the invading German armies.

20. David Lloyd-George In public Lloyd-George said he wanted to punish the Germans. The British public was very anti-German at the end of the war. In private he realised that Britain needed Germany to recover because she was an important trading partner. He was also worried about the “disease from the east”, communism. The Russian government had been overthrown by a communist revolution in 1917. Lloyd-George believed that the spread of communism had to be stopped. A strong Germany would be a barrier against it. What did Britain Want?

21. Woodrow Wilson What did America Want? Woodrow Wilson wanted the treaty to be based on his Fourteen Points He believed Germany should be punished but not severely. He wanted a just settlement that would not leave Germany feeling resentful Wilson wanted to set up an international organization called The League of Nations which would settle disputes The American public did not support him. They were fed up with involvement in European affairs. The USA became more isolationist.

22. What were the terms of the Treaty of Versailles? To do with Germany’s armed forces : The German army was to be reduced to 100,000 men. It was not allowed to have tanks. Germany was not allowed an airforce The area known as the Rhineland was to be de-militarised The Allies were to occupy the west bank of the Rhine for fifteen years The German navy was to have no submarines or large battle- ships

23. 100,000 De-militarised The Military Clauses

25. Territorial Losses Germany lost ALL of her overseas colonies Alsace-Lorraine was given to France

26. Eupen and Malmedy were given to Belgium North-Schleswig was given to Denmark

27. Posen was given to Poland so that she would have access to the Baltic Sea. This area became known as the Polish Corridor. It meant that East Prussia was cut off from the rest of Germany.

28. The Rhineland was to be de- militarized

29. The Saar coalfields were given to France for fifteen years The port of Danzig was made a Free City under the control of the League of Nations

31. "The Allied and Associated Governments affirm, and Germany accepts, the responsibility of Germany and her Allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associate Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of a war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her Allies." Article 231 The War Guilt Clause GERMANY ACCEPTED RESPONSIBILITY FOR STARTING THE WAR

32. REPARATIONS Germany agreed to pay for the damage caused by her armies during the war. The sum she had to pay was later fixed at £6,600 million

33. Germany was forbidden to unite with Austria

34. How did Germans React to the Treaty? Germans thought the Treaty was a “diktat” : a dictated peace. They had not been invited to the peace conference at Versailles and when the Treaty was presented to them they were threatened with war if they did not sign it. The Treaty was NOT based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points as the Germans had been promised it would. Most Germans believed that the War Guilt Clause was unjustified. The French and British had done just as much to start the war The loss of territory and population angered most Germans who believed that the losses were too severe. Many Germans believed the German economy would be crippled by having to pay reparations.

35. The Treaty of Versailles was signed on 28th June 1919. It officially ended the 1st World War. Many historians believe that it was a major cause of the 2nd World War. Most Germans were horrified by the harshness of the Treaty. There was anger amongst all groups in Germany, no matter what their political beliefs. Some German newspapers called for revenge for the humiliation of Versailles. However anger was also directed against the government in Germany. Already there was a myth growing in the country that the German army had been “stabbed in the back” by politicians…the so called “November Criminals”. Now these same politicians had signed the “Diktat”, the dictated peace. The new democracy in Germany was now closely linked with the humiliation of Versailles.

36. German Reaction to the Cease- Fire As you know, Germany was not involved in the Treaty of Versailles and were heavily punished for their involvement in WWI. You are now going to read a short article that addresses viewpoints of the Germans and how they reacted to the treaty and cease-fire. Answer the 6 questions after you read!