1. Objective and Warmup: 11/8/10
Objective: SWBAT
Evaluate the different methods of taking a population census.
Warmup:
Provide ways ecologists measure populations.

2. Human Populations

3. History of Human Population
Early Hunter Gatherers
Nomadic, With a Strong Sense of the Earth
Practiced Intentional Birth Control
Rise of Agriculture
Necessary for Survival
Animals became extinct via predation and altered habitat
Humans began to cultivate own food

4. History of Human Population Cont…
Agriculture Gives Rise to Cities
Food Produced in Country, Consumed in City
Food wastes are no longer returned to soil
Soil becomes less productive
Waste of Populations Concentrated in Cities
Population Control in Medieval Societies
Disease
Famine
Wars

5. History of Human Population Cont..
Industrialization
View of Children During Early Phases of Industrial Growth
Valued as cheap source of income and cheap labor
Exponential growth of populations
By 1900s, Birth Rate in Industrialized World Dropped
Rise in standards of living
Safe and inexpensive means of birth control introduced
Increase in the cost of child rearing

6. Human Population Growth

9. Current World Population
Global population on
November 2, 2009 at 7:23 am
U.S. 307,841,263 World 6,794,428,411
The global population grows by:
Nearly 2.3 persons per seconds
Nearly 8,343 persons per hour
Over 200,234 persons per day
Over 73 million persons per year

10. 1 billion-s = 11,574 days = 31.7 years
How Much is a Billion?
1,000 seconds = 16.7 minutes
1 million-s = 16,677 min = 11.6 days
1 billion-s = 11,574 days = 31.7 years
1,000 pennies = ~ 88 ounces = 5.5 pounds
1 million pennies = 5,500 pounds (~1-Suburban)
1 billion pennies = 2,750 tons (~2 Space Shuttles)

11. Objectives and Warmup: 11/9/10
Objectives: SWBAT
Apply the rule of doubling time to the provided scenarios.
Warmup:
If the current rate of human population growth continues, the number of people on Earth will double in the next 50 years. Will this rapid growth actually occur?

12. Rate of Global Population Change use: International Data Base
CBR (crude birth rate) = # births / 1000 population
1990: 24 now: 20.6
CDR (crude death rate) = # deaths / 1000 population
1990: 9 now: 8.8
Growth Rate = (b + i) – (d + e)
1990: 1.5% now: 1.19%
growth rates have come down

13. Crude Birth Rates

14. Crude Death Rates

15. Doubling Time
Doubling Time of a population:
70/annual percentage growth rate.
Doubling time for the Human Population
800 million in 1700
1.6 billion in 1900
3.2 billion in 1965
6.1 billion in 2000
In 2000, each second 4-5 children born, 2 people died
J shaped curve

17. Women could have 15 children in their lifetime
Women could have 15 children in their lifetime. Yet across the world, they only have 2 ½ children on average. Why is that? Which factors influence the number of children born to each woman, and what effects do they have?

18. Objectives and Warmup 11/11/10
Objective: SWBAT
Analyze the factors that affect birth and death rates between developing and developed countries.
Warmup:
If a population of 100,000 has 2,700 births per year and 900 deaths per year, what is its growth rate in percent per year?
Calculate the doubling time for a population with a 1.3% growth rate.

19. LIMITS TO GROWTH
Thomas Malthus-excess population growth is the cause of many social and environmental problems
Disease, famine and population control is only way to stabilize
Karl Marx- oppression and exploitation are the real causes of poverty and environmental degradation
Population growth is a symptom or result of other problems, not the source
Slow population growth through social justice.

20. HUMAN DEMOGRAPHY
Demography - vital statistics about people such as births, deaths, where they live, and population size.
2 demographic worlds
First is poor, young, and rapidly growing.
Less-developed countries contain 80% of world population, and will account for 90% of projected growth.
Second is wealthy, old, and mostly shrinking.
Western Europe, Japan.

21. Human Population Density

22. Factors affecting birth rates and fertility rates
Age of woman at time of marriage
Availability and affordability of birth control and abortion
Children needed in the workforce
Costs of raising and educating children
Culture, religion, tradition
Government programs
Infant mortality

23. Factors affecting death rates
Availability and affordability of health care, food and better nutrition
Safer water supplies
Improvements in sanitation and pollution control
Improvements in medical and public health

24. Indicators of overall health of people in a country
Life expectancy-average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live
Infant mortality rate-number of babies out of every 1000 born who die before age 1

25. Objectives and Warmup: 11/12/10
Analyze factors that affect population size.
Warmup:
Why are life expectancies and infant mortality rates in highly developed and developing countries so different?

26. Human Population Dynamics
3 sources of change in population size —
Migration
Fertility
Mortality

27. Migration-Influencing Population Size
Most countries restrict immigration
Canada, Australia, U.S. - most immigration
~1% of developing nations pop. Emigrates
Migration from rural to urban areas

28. Family Planning Reduce births and abortions
reduces children's social services needs
reduces risk of childbearing deaths
Effectiveness depends on program design and funding:
good in some countries with good program
poor in other countries

29. Rewards and Penalties to Reduce Births
What might work:
Encourage people to have fewer children
Reinforce existing customs and trends toward smaller families
Don’t penalize for already existing larger families
Increase poor family’s economic status

30. Disappointing results due to: poor planning bureaucratic inefficiency
Case Study-India
Family planning efforts began in 1952; fertility rate declined from 5.3 to 3.4 but population grow is still exponential
Disappointing results due to:
poor planning
bureaucratic inefficiency
low status of women
extreme poverty
lack of administrative & financial support

31. Curbing Population Growth
Provide economic incentives for having less children
Empower and educate women
Access to education and paying jobs outside home
Society doesn’t suppress women’s rights
Government family planning services
Reduce poverty and economic development

32. Case Study-China
Family planning efforts began in 1970
Population control program is extensive, intrusive and strict:
postpone childbearing
only one child/family -->benefits
Free education and health care
Increased personal and family incomes
Preferential housing and retirement income
effective because China is dictatorship; limited resources would have mean disaster

33. Objectives and Warmup
Objectives:
Analyze age structure distributions to determine the difference between developing and developed countries.
Warmup:
In 2050, there will be approximately 9 billion people in the world, according to the most widely accepted estimate. What problems might this create for developing countries? What challenges will industrialized nations face?

34. Bar graph that shows the age and gender composition of a region
Age Structure
Bar graph that shows the age and gender composition of a region
horizontal axis: gender
male: left-hand female: right-hand
absolute number of people or %
vertical axis: age
5-year or 10-year age groups

35. Age Structure

36. Objectives and Warmup: 11/16/10
Analyze age structure distributions to determine if the country is considered to be developed or developing.
Analyze age structure distributions to determine the future population of a specified country.
Warmup:
Describe at least three factors that determine whether a nation is classified as a developed or developing country.

37. Developed vs. Developing…
standard of living •     literacy rate •     birth rate •     death rate, esp. infant mortality rate •     per capita GDP •     degree of urbanization •     life expectancy •     health care system •     educational system, esp. opportunities for women •     amount of infrastructure •     global vs local market economy •     use of technology

38. Objectives and Warmup: 11/17/10
Analyze the demographic transition model using classroom data
Warmup:
Compare the reproductive rights of women in a highly developed nation (other than the USA) with their counterparts in one of the least developed nations.

39. 4 Stages of the Demographic Transition
Birth rates, death rates and growth rates change through time as societies change:
modernize, urbanize
gain access to technology

40. Stage 1: Pre-Industrial
High birth rates, high (at time erratic) death rates, low growth rates
Stage for much of human history, traditional societies
Living conditions severe

41. Stage 2: Transitional
High birth rates,
declining death rates,
rising growth rates
Improvements in
sanitation (water)
and medicine
Ex. Europe at the start of Industrial Revolution
developing countries since the 50s/60s
much of Africa today, some countries of Asia (Afghanistan, Nepal, etc.)

42. Stage 3: Industrial
Continued decline of death
rates, declining birth rates,
growth rates decline from
high to lower levels
Lower death rate, in particular infant mortality rates
Economic change: urbanization (incentive to have fewer children)
Better jobs
Education for women
Mexico today

43. Stage 4 Post-Industrial
Stage 4: birth rates are less than mortality rates
Zero population growth or declining population growth
Standard of living is high
Ex. Japan, many European countries