1. The Nature of Nursing
Unit one

2. Historical Perspective
Theory of Animism
Belief that good and evil spirits bring health or illness
Physician as medicine man
Nurse portrayed as mother caring for family (nurturing role)

3. Historical Perspective/ Beginning of Civilization
Belief that illness is caused by sin and gods’ displeasure
Temples were centers of medical care
Priest as physician
Nurse viewed as slave carrying out menial tasks ordered by priests

4. Historical Perspective/ 16th Century
Focus on religion replaced by focus on warfare
Exploration and expansion of knowledge
Shortage of nurses: criminals recruited
Nursing considered disreputable

5. Historical Perspective/ 18th –19th Century
Hospital schools organized
Female nurses under control of male hospital administrators and physicians
Male dominance of health care
Nursing becomes respected occupation
Modern methods in nursing education founded

6. Historical Perspective/ World War II
Explosion of knowledge in medicine and technology
Efforts to upgrade nursing education
Women more assertive and independent

7. Historical Perspective/ 1950’s to Present
Varied healthcare settings developed
Nursing broadened in all areas
Growth of nursing as a profession

8. Nursing Leaders
Florence Nightingale ( )
Believed nursing is separate and distinct from medicine
Recognized nutrition as important to health
Instituted occupational and recreational therapy for sick people
Stressed the need for continuing education for nurses
Maintained accurate records/beginning of nursing research

9. Nursing Leaders
Identified personal needs of patient and role of nurse in meeting them
Established Standards for hospital management
Established nursing education and respected occupation for women
Recognized two components of nursing – health and illness

10. Nursing Leaders
Clara Barton ( )
She was schoolteacher who volunteered as nurse during American civil war.
Barton is noted for her role in establishing the American Red Cross.

11. Nursing Leaders Lillian wald (1867-1940):
Is considered the founder of public health nursing.
She offer trained nursing services to the poor.
Liviana dock ( )
Her campaigned for legislation to allow nurses rather than physicians to control their profession.

12. Definitions of Nursing
There are many definitions of nursing.
Florence Nightingale defined nursing as: the act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery.

13. Definitions of Nursing
ANA definition: nursing is the diagnosis and treatment of human response to actual and potential health problems.

14. Definitions of Nursing
Nursing is caring.
Nursing is science and art.
Nursing is holistic.
Nursing is adaptive.
Nursing is client centered

15. Recipients of nursing
Consumer: is an individual, a group of people, or a community that uses a service.
Patient: is a person who is waiting for or undergoing medical treatment and care.

16. Recipients of nursing
Client: is a person who engages the advice or services of another who is qualified to provide this service.

17. Scope of Nursing Nurses provide care for three types of clients:
Individuals.
Families.
Communities.

18. Scope of Nursing Nursing Practice involves four areas:
Promoting health and wellness.
Preventing illness.
Restoring health.
Care of the dying.

19. Health promotion Reduce over weight. Stop cigarette smoking.
Is increase people’s wellbeing and health potential.
factors effects on health or illness: Genetics, educational level and development level.
Examples:
Reduce over weight.
Stop cigarette smoking.
Improving nutrition and physical fitness.
Preventing drug misuse.

20. Prevent illness Maintain optimum health by preventing disease.
Examples:
Educational program (smoking, prenatal care).
Immunization.

21. Restoring health
Focus of individual with illnesses and range from early detection to rehabilitation and teaching during recovery.
Example:
Direct care ( treatment, medication)
Performing diagnostic measurement
( Blood pressure, blood glucose)

22. Setting for Nursing
In the past, the acute care hospital was the only practice setting.
Today nurses works in hospitals, client’s home, community agencies, education settings, schools, mental health…..etc.

23. Roles and Functions of the Nurses
Caregiver: assist client physically and psychologically.
Communicator: support the client through health team and support people in community.
Teacher.
Client advocate: protect patient right.
Leader.
Manager.

24. Professionalization
Profession: an occupation that requires extensive education, special knowledge, skill, and preparation.
Professionalization: is the process of becoming professional.

25. Criteria of a Profession
Specialized education.
Body of knowledge.
Ongoing research.
Code of ethics.
Autonomy: is a state of independent and self directed with out any control from out side.
Professional organization.

26. Nursing Organizations
American Nurses Association (ANA)
Canadian Nurses Association (CAN)
National league for Nursing (NLN)
International Council of Nurses (ICN)

27. Types of Nursing Educational Programs
Diploma programs.
Community College/associate Degree.
Baccalaureate Degree Program.
Graduated Nursing Education (Master’s &Doctoral Programs)

28. Metaparadigm of Nursing
Client.
Environment.
Health.
Nursing.

29. Definitions
Health: a state of complete physical, social, mental, spiritual wellbeing not merely absence of disease or infirmity.
illness: any disturbance of body organs function.

30. Illness – wellness continuum
Is one way to measure a person level of health, this model view health as constantly change state with high level of wellness and death. The person with chronic illness can attain high level of wellness if he successful in meeting his health potential within the limit of his chronic illness.

31. The End