1. REFORMATION AND RELIGIOUS WARFARE IN THE 16 TH CENTURY

2.  The second half of the 15 th century – 1. Italian Renaissance humanism spreads to N. Europe 2. Northern Humanism = Christian Humanism 3. Goal of N. Humanism = reform Christianity

3.  Both Italian and N. Humanists focused on the study of the classics – 1. Ancient Greek and Latin texts 2. Return to the writings of antiquity

4. 1. Study the sources and writings of early Christianity 2. Study the writings of church fathers 3. Early Christianity was a simple religion 4. Human beings can reason and improve themselves 5. Education and study of early church writings could reform the church and society 6. Support for schools 7. Work on new editions and translations of the classics, the bible, and writings of church founders 8. Education = improved people = improved society

5.  most influential of the N. Humanists  Born in Holland – called Erasmus of Rotterdam  Reform program of Christian Humanism  “the philosophy of Christ” = Christianity should guide our daily life, not only be a system of beliefs and practices  Emphasized – inner piety  De-emphasized – external forms of religion  Prepared new and accurate text of the bible  The Praise of Folly – 1. written in 1511 2. humorously criticized corruption of society 3. criticized abuses in the church

7. “ERASMUS LAID THE EGG THAT LUTHER HATCHED”

8.  trained in the law  Interested in the new classical learning –> studied Greek and Latin  Put his learning into service to the state -> govt official/lord chancellor  religiously devoted/believed in the universal Catholic Church  Refused to go along with Henry VIII’s break with the Catholic Church  Executed for treason for not cooperating with the king’s break with Catholicism

9.  THOMAS MORE I die the king's faithful servant, but God's first. Thomas More Thomas More

10. 1. Written in 1516 2. The word utopia = nowhere 3. An imaginary perfect society on an island near the new world 4. Cooperation and reason replace power and fame as motivators 5. All people work the same amount and receive the same 6. Wholesome, enriching, and orderly world will create good people

11.  Why did people want to reform the Catholic Church – 1. failure of the renaissance papacy to provide spiritual leadership 2. popes too concerned with wealth and art 3. Popes too concerned with worldly power and politics 4. Popes too concerned with sensuality and debauchery 5. Popes and church too concerned with money and finances 6. Simony 7. Pluralism 8. Absenteeism 9. Clerical immorality 10. Clerical ignorance

12.  Mechanical/external approach to salvation veneration of relics buying indulgences  The Modern Devotion movement popular mystical movement following the teaching of Jesus