1. 07/10/2015radiation safety - level 51 Radiation safety level 5 Frits Pleiter

2. 07/10/2015radiation safety - level 52 Contents  atomic and nuclear physics(1)  interaction with matter(3) o sources and x-ray equipment (2) o shielding (3) o detection (4) o radiobiology (6) objective risk of radiation (6) subjective risk acceptation (6)  quantities and units(5)  regulations(7) o practical health physics (8 - 10) o waste (11)

3. 07/10/2015radiation safety - level 53 Risk principles the risk of ionizing radiation is 0.05 per sievert occupational risk > 1 in 1000 is unacceptable occupational risk < 1 in 10 000 is acceptable risks between these values are manageable

4. 07/10/2015radiation safety - level 54 Risk comparison of risks type of workmortality / year National Health Council 17-07-1984 light industry 20 per million industry 40 per million construction work 100 per million heavy transport 170 per million radiological work (20 mSv/y)1000 per millionhigh risk natural radiation (2 mSv/y) 100 per million cigarettes (20 per day)4000 per million the risk of 1 cigaret corresponds with the risk of 10 µSv

5. 07/10/2015radiation safety - level 55 Regulations from recommendation to legislation ICRP recommendation International Commission on Radiological Protection independent commission recommendation not legally binding, but almost always accepted European directive directive must be implemented in national legislation Dutch legislation Nuclear Energy Act + decrees + regulations Working Conditions Act Environmental Protection Act General Administrative Law Act

6. 07/10/2015radiation safety - level 56 Regulations legislation and supervision supervision by the government Inspectorate of Social Affairs and Employment (ISZW) Environment and Transport Inspectorate (ILT) Health Care Inspectorate (IGZ)

7. 07/10/2015radiation safety - level 57 Regulations system of dose limitation justification benefits must outweigh the health detriment it may cause optimization ALARA = as low as reasonably achievable limitation limits are not a guide for the maximum permissible dose limits may never be exceeded

8. 07/10/2015radiation safety - level 58 Regulations annual limits stochastic effects, exposed workers category A-workers 20 mSv category B-workers6 mSv stochastic effects, non-exposed workers normal workers1 mSv members of the public1 mSv requirement for permit holder 0.1 mSv outside location these limits are meant to minimalize the risk of stochastic effects

9. 07/10/2015radiation safety - level 59 Regulations annual limits harmful tissue reactions, exposed workers lens of the eye 150 mSv limbs 500 mSv skin 500 mSv harmful tissue reactions, non-exposed workers lens of the eye 15 mSv limbs 50 mSv skin 50 mSv these limits are meant to prevent harmful tissue reactions

10. 07/10/2015radiation safety - level 510 Regulations permit and radioactivity a Nuclear Energy Act permit is required for possession and use of radioactivity if both the activity concentration and the activity exceed the exemption levels nuclideconcentration (Bq/g) activity (Bq) 3 H10 6 10 9 14 C10 4 10 7 32 P10 3 10 6 35 S10 5 10 8 99m Tc10 2 10 7 125 I10 3 10 6 131 I10 2 10 6 226 Ra110 4 238 U1010 4

11. 07/10/2015radiation safety - level 511 Regulations permit and devices an x-ray device must either be reported or be authorized a permit is required for  devices with a maximum high voltage > 100 kV  all devices used for industrial radiography processing of products medical therapy for humans and animals education (almost all) other devices must be reported

12. 07/10/2015radiation safety - level 512 Regulations risk analysis ionizing radiation may only be applied under supervision of a radiation safety expert level 2, 3, 4 or 5 the radiation expert must make (or commission) a risk inventory and evaluation before starting the application the risk inventory and evaluation must be approved by a registered coordinating radiation safety expert

13. 07/10/2015radiation safety - level 513 Regulations classification of exposed workers a worker must be classified as an exposed worker if he can receive more than 1 mSv per year as a result of his work exposed workers must be given appropriate instructions exposed workers must receive a personal dose-monitoring device which they must (visibly) wear during radiological work

14. 07/10/2015radiation safety - level 514 Regulations classification of exposed workers exposed workers must be classified in categories categorypossible annual dosemedical check up A6 - 20 mSvyes B1 - 6 mSvno

15. 07/10/2015radiation safety - level 515 Regulations classification of work areas work areas must be classified in zones zonepossible anual dosewarning'no entry' sign controlled6 - 20 mSvrequiredyes supervised1 - 6 mSvrequiredno

16. 07/10/2015radiation safety - level 516 Regulations transport of radioactive substances regulations are very complicated sender is responsible leave transport to a specialized company sending radioactivity by regular mail is prohibited