1. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Language

2. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Where Are English Language Speakers Distributed? Origin and diffusion of English – English is spoken by 328 million as a first language – English colonies – Origins of English German invasions Norman invasions

3. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. English Colonies Modern distribution of English language a result of colonization of other parts of the world – English to North America 1600’s – South Asia mid 1700’s – South Pacific late 1700’s – Africa late 1800’s

4. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. English-Speaking Countries Figure 5-2

5. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. German Invasion Germanic tribes (Angles/Jutes/Saxons) invade British Isles Modern day English evolved from primarily from language spoken by these 3 groups At one point all Germanic tribes spoke the same language, migration changed that Others invaded England and added their language to English

6. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Norman Invasion England conquered by Normans (France) in 1066 so speak French for next 300 years French only spoken by upper class/lower & middle still spoke Germanic English Simple Words (sky, horse, man, woman) have Germanic roots Elegant Words (celestial, equestrian, masculine, feminine) have French roots

7. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Invasions of England Figure 5-3

8. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Where Are English Language Speakers Distributed? Dialects of English – Dialect = a regional variation of a language – Isogloss = a word-usage boundary – Standard language = a well-established dialect – Dialects In England Differences between British and American English

9. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. English Dialects Figure 5-5

10. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

11. Where Are English Language Speakers Distributed? Dialects of English – Dialects in the United States Settlement in the eastern United States – Current differences in the eastern United States » Pronunciation differences

12. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Dialects in the Eastern United States Figure 5-7

13. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

19. Jersey Shore

20. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Soft Drink Differences Figure 5-8

21. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

22. Language Groupings Language Family: collection of languages related through a common ancestral language that existed long before recorded history Language Branch: within a language family; a collection of languages related through ancestral knowledge that has lasted thousands of years Language Group: collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin

23. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Is English Related to Other Languages? Indo-European branches – Language branch = collected of related languages – Indo-European = eight branches Four branches have a large number of speakers: – Germanic – Indo-Iranian – Balto-Slavic – Romance

24. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. The Branches of Indo-European 1.Indo-IranianIndo-Iranian 2.RomanceRomance 3.GermanicGermanic 4.Balto-SlavicBalto-Slavic 5. AlbanianAlbanian 6. ArmenianArmenian 7.GreekGreek 8.CelticCeltic

25. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Branches of the Indo-European Family Figure 5-9

26. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Germanic Branch of Indo-European Fig. 5-6: The Germanic branch today is divided into North and West Germanic groups. English is in the West Germanic group.

27. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Germanic Branch of Indo-European Family Both English & German belong to Germanic Branch of Indo-European Family Language Group: collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin West Germanic is the group within the Germanic branch of Indo European family to which English belongs

28. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Linguistic Differences in Europe and India Figure 5-10Figure 5-11

29. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

30. Romance Branch Figure 5-12

31. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Romance Branch Four most widely used: 1.Spanish 2.Portuguese 3.French 4.Italian

32. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. French

33. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Portuguese

34. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Origin & Diffusion of Romance Branch

35. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Latin

36. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Origin & Diffusion of Romance All developed from Latin “Rome” The rise of Rome diffused the language throughout empire Latin was broken down through diffusion into Vulgar Latin or popular Latin. Vulgar Latin introduced by soldiers When empire collapsed languages began to differ but still rooted in Latin

37. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Is English Related to Other Languages? Origin and diffusion of Indo-European – A “Proto-Indo-European” language? Internal evidence Nomadic warrior theory Sedentary farmer theory

38. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Diffusion of Indo- European Family 1.Kurgan Theory 2.Anatolian Hearth Theory

39. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Kurgan Hearth Theory Indo-Euro diffused through Kurgans or present day Russia according to Gimbutas Kurgans were nomadic herders, date back to 4300 B.C. Went westward through Europe, east towards Siberia, and South to Asia by military conquest As they conquered more land, they spread their culture with it, including language.

40. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Nomadic Warrior Theory Figure 5-14

41. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Anatolian Hearth Theory Indo-Euro diffused west from Anatolia (Turkey) to Greece according to Renfrew Anatolians date back to 6700 B.C., so they were around before Kurgans From Greece, to Mediterranean Coast, to U.K. & North to Germany Diffused by agricultural progress and their language diffused because their population grew b/c of steady food source…Not war

42. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Sedentary Farmer Theory Figure 5-15

43. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

44. Where Are Other Language Families Distributed? Classification of languages – Indo-European = the largest language family 46 percent of the world’s population speaks an Indo-European language – Sino-Tibetan = the second-largest language family 21 percent of the world’s population speaks a Sino- Tibetan language – Mandarin = the most used language in the world

45. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Mandarin

46. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Language Families Figure 5-16

47. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Where Are Other Language Families Distributed? Languages of the Middle East and Central Asia – Afro-Asiatic Arabic = most widely spoken – Altaic Turkish = most widely spoken – Uralic Estonian, Hungarian, and Finnish

48. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Arabic

49. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Turkish

50. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Hungarian

51. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5-17

52. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Where Are Other Language Families Distributed? African language families – Extensive linguistic diversity 1,000 distinct languages + thousands of dialects – Niger-Congo 95 percent of sub-Saharan Africans speak a Niger- Congo language – Nilo-Saharan – Khoisan “Click” languages

53. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. “Click Language”

54. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. African Language Families Figure 5-19

55. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. World Language Families

56. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

57. Why Do People Preserve Languages? Preserving language diversity – Extinct languages 473 “endangered” languages today – Examples Reviving extinct languages: Hebrew Preserving endangered languages: Celtic – Multilingual states Walloons and Flemings in Belgium – Isolated languages Basque Icelandic

58. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

59. Languages in Belgium Figure 5-23

60. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do People Preserve Languages? Global dominance of English – English: An example of a lingua franca Lingua franca = an international language Pidgin language = a simplified version of a language Expansion diffusion of English Ebonics

61. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do People Preserve Languages? Global dominance of English – Diffusion to other languages Franglais – The French Academy (1635) = the supreme arbiter of the French language Spanglish Denglish

62. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. English–French Language Boundary Figure 5-27

63. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. The End. Up next: Religion