1. Vocabulary Review A. Three part subunit made up of a deoxyribose sugar (5 carbon sugar), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. A. Three part subunit made up of a deoxyribose sugar (5 carbon sugar), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. B. A process in which DNA makes an exact copy of itself. B. A process in which DNA makes an exact copy of itself. C. Process where RNA is made from DNA. C. Process where RNA is made from DNA. D. Process where proteins are made from RNA D. Process where proteins are made from RNA E. Three nucleotide sequence on mRNA that codes for an amino acid. E. Three nucleotide sequence on mRNA that codes for an amino acid. F. RNA molecule that carries instructions/messages for assembling amino acids into proteins. F. RNA molecule that carries instructions/messages for assembling amino acids into proteins. G. RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes. G. RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes.

2. DNA and Protein Synthesis REVIEW: 1) Protein- chain of amino acids used for cell structure & function. structure & function. 2) DNA- nucleic acid that holds information for making proteins. for making proteins. Watson & Crick - made first correct model of DNA (1953)

3. DNA Stands For….. DeoxyriboNucleic Acid DeoxyriboNucleic Acid

4. Structure of DNA a) Double Helix- shaped as a twisted ladder. b) Sides composed of alternating sugars & phosphates. phosphates. c) Each step is made of 2 nitrogen bases - bases are joined by weak hydrogen bonds. - Bases - Pyrimidines- thymine, cytosine - Purines- adenine, guanine - Bonding - Adenine – Thymine (A-T) - Guanine – Cytosine (C-G)

5. Base Pair Rule One Side: ATA TCG TCA GGG One Side: ATA TCG TCA GGG Other Side: Other Side:

6. STRUCTURE of DNA Nucleotide: -3 part subunit of DNA -made of: 1) deoxyribose 2) phosphate 3) Nitrogen Base

8. DNA Structure Review 1. DNA stands for _______________________ 1. DNA stands for _______________________ 2. What is the shape of DNA? 2. What is the shape of DNA? 3. The two sides of DNA are held together by _____________ bonds. 3. The two sides of DNA are held together by _____________ bonds. 4. Adenine always pairs with ______________. 4. Adenine always pairs with ______________. 5. A nucleotide is made up of a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate, and a ________________ base. 5. A nucleotide is made up of a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate, and a ________________ base.

9. DNA Replication - used during cell division - DNA makes an exact copy of itself Process 1) Enzymes break bonds between bases 2) DNA separates into 2 halves 3) Free nucleotides pair with correct bases 4) Nucleotides bond until 2 new DNA strands are formed. are formed.

10. DNA Replication

11. RNA( Ribonucleic Acid) - active during protein synthesis Differences Between RNA & DNA RNADNA SUGAR-RiboseDeoxyribose BASES-Uracil (no thymine)Thymine A-U, C-GA-T, C-G STRAND-SingleDouble

12. Types of RNA 1) mRNA (messenger RNA) - carries genetic code from nucleus to ribosomes ribosomes 2) tRNA (transfer RNA) - brings amino acids to mRNA at the ribosomes ribosomes 3) rRNA (ribosomal RNA) - produces enzymes to bond amino acids

13. How Does DNA Make a Protein?

14. Protein Synthesis 1) Transcription - process of transferring genetic information from DNA to RNA to RNA 2. Happens in the nucleus Process A) RNA nucleotides bond to correct bases of DNA B) mRNA strand leaves nucleus & travels to the ribosomes ribosomes

15. 2) Translation - process where amino acids are organized into proteins. proteins. Codons: - combination of 3 bases on the mRNA - each codon codes for 1 amino acid - some amino acids have more than one codon.- some codons start & stop the mRNA chain.

16. CODON CHART

17. Translation Process a) tRNA anticodons bond with codons of mRNA b) The opposite end of the tRNA has an amino acid Example mRNA codons-AAU AUC GCU tRNA anticodons-UUA UAG CGA c) linked amino acids are connected by a peptide bond d) tRNA anticodons release to retrieve another amino acid amino acid

19. TRANSLATION

20. Protein Synthesis Review 1. What is the first step of protein synthesis? 1. What is the first step of protein synthesis? 2. What is the second step of protein synthesis? 2. What is the second step of protein synthesis? 3. The three bases on the mRNA strand are called _________________ 3. The three bases on the mRNA strand are called _________________ 4. What does each codon code for? 4. What does each codon code for?

21. Mutations - any changes in genetic material Types 1) Gene Mutation - mutations that involve only one gene or one base Example Point Mutations(one base): a) Substitution- when one base is replaced by another. by another. b) Frameshift- when the entire code shifts due to one base being added due to one base being added or deleted. or deleted.

22. Point Mutation

23. Frameshift Mutation

24. 2) Chromosome Mutation - mutation that affects multiple bases and/or multiple genes. multiple genes.Example a) Deletion- loss of all/part of a chromosome b) Insertion- addition of extra gene(s) c) Inversion- location of genes are reversed d) Translocation- part of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to breaks off and attaches to another chromosome. another chromosome.

25. Chromosome Mutations