1. Muhammed Mecca Flight to Medina (hegira) 1.1 billion followers Jihads = holy wars Islamic Empire Rise of Islamic Fundamentalism

2. Kublai Khan Organized gov’t of China Used Mandate of Heaven Peace and Prosperity Pax Mongolia (China, Russia, SW Asia, India) Silk Road trade

3. Over extended Army weakened Taxes high INVASION OF BARBARIANS Middle Ages/ Dark Ages begin Lack of law and order Need for protection and food… FEUDALISM DEVELOPS

4. Use of cannons & muskets 2 month seige Capital name change….Istanbul Byzantine Empire ends. Ottoman Empire expands Lasts until end of WW I (1917) Ottoman (Muslim) conquest of Serbs (1992) problems in Bosnia

5. Columbus’ arrival in Americas Age of Exploration Colonization European Empires Mercantilism & Global Trading Columbian Exchange

6. (Lack of) “LIBERTY, EQUALITY, & FRATERNITY” 3 Estates (Bourgeoisie) 5 Stages……ends w/Napoleon Napoleonic Codes…EQUALITY Latin American colonies follow democratic ideals of American and French Revolutions Nationalism spreads (Italy and Germany)

7. Japan fears spheres of influence take over (like China) Grants USA right to trade with Japan Feudalism ends Emperor M utsuhito… M odernizes… M eiji Era begins Japan becomes Imperialist nations

8. Abuses of Absolutism Hardships of WW I Lenin and Bolsheviks’ promise…PEACE, LAND, BREAD Absolutism ends 1 st Communist nation Lenin’s NEP Stalin’s 5 year Plans

9. WW II Estimated US casualties @ 1million to invade Japan Truman decides to use new technology Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombed Japan surrenders End of WW II Atomic Age begins Cold War – Superpower arms race (Japan’s constitution…no atomic weapons!)

10. Economic problems of USSR Gorbachev’s Reforms…GLASNOST; PERESTROIKA Ethnic Nationalism in the 15 Soviet Republics End of Communism in E. Europe (Berlin Wall) End of USSR…15 new nations! End of Cold War Yelstin’s “shock therapy”…move toward total market economy