1. Regional Issues: Asia Pacific
CV Mohan and Eduardo M. Leaño
Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific
Bangkok, Thailand
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2. Outline Aquaculture in Asia-Pacific (AP) Aquatic animal health in AP
AP regional health program
Regional issues and concerns
Conclusions and way forward
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3. Some Facts Global fish production
145 mmt in 2009
Aquaculture fastest growing food producing sector (8-10% growth)
3% for live stock and 1.6% for capture fisheries
Aquaculture now accounts to almost 50% of world’s food fish
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4. Consumption and Need Fish consumption has been on the rise
A-P accounts for nearly 70% of global consumption
Per caput
A-P: 43 kg/year
Global: 22 kg/year
Based on current consumption
By 2050: An extra 30 million tonnes needed
Where does this “need” come from?
AQUACULTURE is the answer
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5. Asia-Pacific Top aquaculture producer in the world
In 2008, almost 90% of world aquaculture production.
Oceania: 172,214 T (0.3%)
Americas: 2,405,166 T (4.6%)
Europe: 2,341,339 T (4.5%)
Asia-Pacific: 46,687,046 T (88.8%)
Source: FAO, 2010
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6. Dominance of Asia-Pacific
A-P dominated aquaculture globally
Year
Global (t)
A-P (t)
1987
13,961,611
11,939,706 (85.5%)
1997
34,261,739
31,075,412 (90.7%)
2007
65,190,029
59,568,049 (91.4%)
Check unit
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7. Asia-Pacific
Top aquaculture (aquatic animals) producers in the world in 2008 (FAO, 2010)
Rank
Country
Production (T)
Value (US$1000) 1
China
32,735,994
50,638,540 2
India
3,478,690
5,043,749 3
Vietnam
2,461,700
4,599,850 4
Indonesia
1,690,121
2,813,673 5
Thailand
1,374,024
2,202,075 6
Bangladesh
1,005,542
1,766,182 7
Norway
843,730
3,119,011 8
Chile
843,142
4,502,789 9
Philippines
741,142
1,576,141 10
Japan
732,374
3,104,346
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8. Top 10 finfish species that are produced around the world (2008)
Top 10 finfish species that are produced around the world (2008). Source: FAO, 2010
Rank
Species
Production (T)
Value
(x1000 US$) 1
Silver carp
(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)
3,782,281
4,766,195 2
Grass carp
(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)
3,775,267
4,797,279 3
Common carp
(Cyprinus carpio)
2,987,433
3,696,415 4
Nile tilapia
(Oreochromis niloticus)
2,334,432
3,208,561 5
Bighead carp
(Hypophthalmichthys nobilis)
2,321,513
2,975,412
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9. Top 10 finfish species that are produced around the world (2008)
Top 10 finfish species that are produced around the world (2008). Source: FAO, 2010
Rank
Species
Production (T)
Value
(x1000 US$) 6
Catla
(Catla catla)
2,281,838
3,303,124 7
Crucian carp
(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)
1,975,337
2,135,857 8
Atlantic salmon
(Salmo salar)
1,456,721
7,204,152 9
Pangasius catfish
(Pangansius/Pangasianodon spp.)
1,388,546
2,009,081 10
Rohu
(Labeo rohita)
1,159,454
1,334,193
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10. (Ruditapes philippinarum) Vol. = 3,141,851 T Val. = ~3 Billion US$
Pacific white shrimp
(Penaeus vannamei)
Vol. = 2,259,183 T
Val. = ~9 Billion US$
Manila Clam
(Ruditapes philippinarum)
Vol. = 3,141,851 T
Val. = ~3 Billion US$
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11. Asian Aquaculture is Small scale
‘Farmer owned/ leased, operated and managed’
Indonesia
Freshwater ponds: 0.14 ha
Thailand
Coastal pond: 0.8 ha
Freshwater pond: 0.28 ha
Vietnam catfish culture
>55% under 4 ha
But production per ha very high, average t/ha/crop
Aquaculture in Asia will remain small-scale
Health strategies have to “factor” this in
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12. Aquaculture trends in AP
Aquaculture will intensify, diversify, and expand
Production of all species groups will be increased
New species will appear (exotics, e.g. P.vannamei)
All environments will be increasingly utilized
Increasing influence of markets, trade and consumption (food safety)
More and more resources will be used
International trade in live aquatic animals and their products will increase
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13. Implications Increasing intensification
more disease outbreaks and disease emergencies
Continued diversification of species
Increased risk of introduction and spread of pathogens (Trans-boundary pathogens)
Continued diversification of farming systems
Potential for spread of pathogens to wider geographical areas
Economic and social cost of disease is enormous (e.g. One billion $ annual loss in China)
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14. Serious diseases in AP Fish Epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS)
koi herpes virus disease (KHVD)
Viral nervous necrosis (VNN)
Grouper iridoviral disease (GID)
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15. Finfish Diseases (2010) Country EUS VHS Infection with KHV
Red seabream
Iridoviral dis.
GIV
Viral encephalopathy and retinopathy
Enteric septicemia of catfish
Strep. Infection in tilapia
Australia +
Bangladesh
Cambodia
China PR
DPR Korea
Hong Kong
India
Indonesia
Iran
Japan
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Nepal
Pakistan
Philippines
Korea PR
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Thailand
Vietnam

16. Serious diseases in AP Crustaceans White spot disease (WSD)
Taura syndrome (TS)
Infectious myonecrosis (IMN)
White tail disease (WTD)
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17. Spherical Baculovirus Infectious myonecrosis
Crustacean Diseases (2010)
Country TS
WSD
YHD
Spherical Baculovirus
IHHN
MrNV
Infectious myonecrosis
MSGS
Milky Lobster disease
Australia
Bangladesh +
Cambodia
China PR
DPR Korea
Hong Kong
India
Indonesia
Iran
Japan
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Nepal
Pakistan
Philippines
Korea PR
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Thailand
Vietnam

18. Emerging diseases in AP
Crustaceans
Monodon Slow growth syndrome (TGAV/LSV ??)
Loose Shell syndrome in P.monodon
Abdominal segment deformity syndrome in P.vannamei
White faeces syndrome in vannamei and tiger
Finfish
Edwardsiella tarda in marine species
Streptococcus agalactiae major problem in Tilapia culture
Streptococcus iniae in marine and also freshwater species
Tenacibaculum maritimum in marine species
Mollusk
Ganglioneuritis in abalone
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19. Asia Regional Aquatic Animal Health Programme
Reduce risks of aquatic animal disease impacting on livelihoods of aquaculture farmers, national economies, trade and human health
Program in 21 countries coordinated and facilitated by intergovernmental NACA
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20. Outputs ( )
Regional and international cooperation in aquatic animal health improved
Practical national strategies developed, adopted and implemented in member countries
Surveillance, reporting and response to disease emergencies in the region improved
Harmonized diagnostic procedures and approaches to risk assessment developed in the region
Widespread adoption of better aquatic animal health management practices in the region
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21. Regional and international cooperation in aquatic animal health improved
Asia Regional Advisory Group (AG) on Aquatic Animal Health
10-member expert group (aquatic health experts, OIE Aquatic Animal Health Standards Commission, FAO, OIE Regional Representation for Asia-Pacific and NACA);
Advises member governments of NACA
Revises the list of diseases for regional (QAAD) reporting system;
NACA facilitating annual Advisory Group meetings since 2002 (AGM9-in Bangkok in November 2010)
Reports tabled at the OIE-AAHSC meetings
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22. EU-ASEM Aquaculture Platform under the EU-FP7 project (2009-2013)
Regional and international cooperation in aquatic animal health improved
EU-ASEM Aquaculture Platform under the EU-FP7 project ( )
Europe-Asia steering group on aquatic animal health established
Formal mechanism for utilizing the networks and expertise
Resource document of aquatic animal health networks and initiatives in Europe and Asia published
e-newsletter and active discussion forums will be established
Project facilitated joint research proposals
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23. 3-tier Regional Resource Base
Regional resource base identified and operational
3-tier Regional Resource Base
Regional Resource Experts
(RRE)
Regional Resource Centres
(RRC)
Regional Reference Laboratories
(RRL)
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24. National strategies developed and implemented in the region
Asia Regional Technical Guidelines (TG): Global Context.
Consistent with FAO code of conduct for responsible fisheries
OIE Aquatic Code and Aquatic Manual
ICES protocols
Adopted by 21 countries in Asia-Pacific
Adopted by ASWGFi of the ASEAN
Promoting implementation of TG is the main focus of NACA’s health program
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25. Status of National Strategies (2008)
Elements in TG
Progress made (Number of Countries)
good
moderate
low
Disease diagnosis 10 6 5
Health certification and quarantine measures
Disease zoning 3 15
Disease surveillance and reporting 8
Contingency planning 7 11
Import risk analysis 4 13
National strategies and policy frameworks
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26. Sub-regional agreements implemented
SOPs for health certification and quarantine Measures for the Responsible Movement of Live Food Finfish within ASEAN (2007)
AADCP-RPS project (NACA, ASEC, AusVet, ASEAN governments)
Participated by all 10 ASEAN countries
Final draft of SOPs completed in Feb 2007
Has become an ASEAN policy document
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27. Harmonized diagnostic procedures and approaches to risk assessment developed in the region
Facilitating research towards improved diagnostics (e.g. use of PCR; histopathology, epidemiology, etc)
Inter-calibration of fish health services (e.g. PCR calibration among Aquatic Animal Health Services in India, Indonesia and Vietnam);
Capacity building in risk analysis (e.g. APEC-funded project on Import Risk Analysis; )
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28. PCR application in national surveillance programs (source=QAAD)
Year
Thailand (Number of samples tested for WSSV)
Myanmar (Number of samples tested for WSSV)
Philippines (Number of samples tested) for WSSV)
2004
14129
150
288
2005
8613
225
118
2006
7380
183
2355
2007
6424
199
1317
2008
3419
157
574
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29. Comparison of PCR service providing laboratory performances – India, Indonesia and Vietnam
Result
Interpretation
India I
India II
Indonesia I
Indonesia II
Vietnam I
Vietnam II
Perfect scores
Fine
17 (46%)
6 (19%)
10 (30%)
7 (23%)
14 (44%)
14 (58%)
Failed to identify only weak positives
Sensitivity not optimized
3 (8%)
13 (40%)
4 (12%)
6 (20%)
7 (22%)
6 (25%)
Failed to identify moderate/severe positives
Major sensitivity problem
6 (16%)
8 (27%)
3 (9%)
0 (0%)
Failed to identify negatives
Contamination problem
9 (24%)
2 (6%)
4 (13%)
3 (10%)
1 (4%)
Failed to identify both positives and negatives
Total system failure
5 (15%)
5 (17%)
3 (12%)
TOTAL responses 37 32 33 30 24
Non-responses
12 (26%)
19 (37%)
1 (3%)
13 (29%)
4 (14.3%)
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30. Surveillance, reporting and response to disease emergencies
Utilizing the regional expertise to address disease emergencies
Emergency technical mission to Indonesia in 2002, in the wake of KHV outbreaks
Emergency technical mission to Iran, in the wake of WSD outbreaks in Busher province in 2005
Emergency technical assistance to Indonesia in 2006, in the wake of IMNV outbreaks
Emergency technical assistance to Vietnam in 2007, in the wake of milky lobster disease
Initiating emergency assistance to Vietnam in 2011 in the wake of serious shrimp diseases
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31. Surveillance, reporting and response to disease emergencies
NACA/FAO/OIE Quarterly Aquatic Animal Disease (QAAD) Reporting
QAAD has been initiated since the 3rd quarter of 1998;
Till date 50 QAAD reports published
Recommendation from NACA/OIE Expert Consultation in 1996;
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32. 21 Participating Countries
Myanmar
21 Participating Countries
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33. Quarterly Aquatic Animal Disease (QAAD) Reporting (Asia-Pacific)
List of diseases revised annually by the AG;
Includes all OIE listed diseases plus diseases of regional concern.
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34. Quarterly Aquatic Animal Disease (QAAD) Reporting (Asia-Pacific)
Disease reporting by member governments has improved significantly in recent years.
Efficient diagnostic techniques are now used to screen and detect many viral and bacterial pathogens of fish and shrimps.
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010 I 13 17 7 9 8 4 10 5 II 2 3 6
III 11 12
* I – observation of animal and the environment; clinical examination; II – parasitology, bacteriology, mycology and histopathology; III – virology, electron microscopy, molecular biology, immunology.
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35. Quarterly Aquatic Animal Disease (QAAD) Reporting (Asia-Pacific)
Reports are widely distributed: printed copies and free downloads from NACA website (
Total number of web downloads of each QAAD reports from
Quarter
Year
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010 Q1
260
231
587
650
1229
914
1149
634
652
622
446* Q2
264
201
554
550
950
1098
1321
613
658
687
592
289* Q3
268
265
223
582
665
1132
795
1065
591
686
600
172* Q4
238
512
212
659
824
681
1023 51
721
484
342
Mean
253
364
292
631
992
872
1140
590
629
589
539
302
* Reports made available online in late July (Q1) and late October (Q2) 2010, and early February (Q3) 2011.
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36. Quarterly Aquatic Animal Disease (QAAD) Reporting (Asia-Pacific)
Aquatic animal diseases initially listed in QAAD that have been listed in OIE. (early warning system for emerging diseases)
Disease
Year Listed
QAAD
OIE
Infection with Koi Herpesvirus
2004
2007
Abalone viral mortality
2005
White tail disease (MrNV)
2008
Necrotising hepatopancreatitis
2010
Infectious myonecrosis (IMN)
2006
2009
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37. Quarterly Aquatic Animal Disease (QAAD) Reporting (Asia-Pacific)
Regional Aquatic animal diseases listed in QAAD (2011)
Disease
Grouper Iridoviral Disease
Viral encephalopathy and retinopathy
Enteric septicaemia of catfish
Infection with Marteilioides chungmuensis
Acute viral necrosis (in scallops)
Akoya oyster disease
Monodon slow growth syndrome (MSGS)
Milky hemolypmh disease of spiny lobster
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38. Quarterly Aquatic Animal Disease (QAAD) Reporting (Asia-Pacific)
Benefits:
Serves as early warning system for emerging threats;
Valuable source of information to support risk analysis;
establishment of excellent regional networking in support of disease surveillance and reporting in the region.
Serves as guide to participating countries in revising their national list of reportable diseases
Very strongly complements and supports the OIE disease reporting systems
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39. Quarterly Aquatic Animal Disease (QAAD) Reporting (Asia-Pacific)
Way Forward:
Development of OIE/NACA WAHIS Regional Core is in progress;
OIE/NACA WAHIS Regional Core will replace the paper-based QAAD reporting system once it is fully implemented.
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40. Widespread adoption of better aquatic animal health management practices in the region
Working with many governments and partners
Working on key commodities (shrimp, catfish)
Identifying risk factors and developing interventions (e.g. better management practices)
Promoting the adoption of BMPs through group/cluster approach
Example: 752 clusters with over 16,000 small farmers implementing shrimp BMPs in India
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41. Widespread adoption of better aquatic animal health management practices in the region
Scientifically validated BMPs when applied properly by small scale farmers using the cluster/group approach will
improve production efficiency
reduce costs of production
maximize economic returns.
Support compliance to stringent food safety, aquatic animal health and market requirements.
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42. Emerging Concerns in AP
1. Spread of IMN in Indonesia
Potential for it to spread to other countries in the region
Potential for it to spread to native P.monodon
Need for a regional approach to prevent its spread
NACA IMN alert messages sent to all CA’s
IMN information brochure sent to all countries
Need for developing a regional contingency plan
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43. OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama
Spread of IMNV in Indonesia ( )
Initially reported in Situbondo District, East Java in May 2006 and was contained in this area until 2008.
2009: more districts of East Java (Situ, Banyuwangi, Blitar and Malang); Bali (Jembrana); Lampung (Pesawaran and South Lampung Dist.), West Nusa Tenggara (East Lombok) and Central Java (Jepara, Blora, Kendal and Rembang)
2010: more districts of East Java (Bangil, Pasuran and Lamongan); West Nusa Tenggara (West Sumbawa); West Java; Aceh; West Kalimantan; South Kalimantan.
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44. Infectious Myonecrosis (IMN)
Available for free download at
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45. Emerging Concerns in AP
2. Major shrimp disease outbreak in Vietnam
Over 50,000 ha in 7 coastal provinces of Mekong Delta affected
Both tiger and white shrimp affected
Confirmatory diagnosis still not available
National, regional and international efforts are underway to address the situation
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46. Emerging Concerns in AP
3. Other unconfirmed shrimp disease problems
India (both tiger and white shrimp)
China (Hainan, Guangxi and Guangdong provinces)
Malaysia
Both tiger and white shrimp cultured together
Need for close monitoring, surveillance and follow up
Need for sharing the information
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47. Emerging Concerns in AP
4. Expansion of P.vannamei farming
Introduced to several countries in the region (e.g. China, Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, India, Philippines, Malaysia)
Limited understanding of the SPF concept
Market tool?
Health management tool to promote bio-security?
Using pond raised brood stock is a major concern
Not using the routine PCR seed screening tools while choosing SPF seed is a major worry (this is a very common practice for P.monodon seed selection)
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48. Emerging Concerns in AP
5. Exotic and native-long term outlook
Now in many countries both tiger and white shrimp are cultured in same geographical locations and in some cases as poly-culture
Provides excellent opportunities for transfer of pathogens between two species
Already the region has TSV and IMNV
P.vannamei has brought in lot of economic benefits but is there a time bomb waiting to explode?
Occurrence of exotic diseases in resource poor countries could pose significant risk to others
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49. Emerging Concerns in AP
6. WSD in Brunei
First report of WSSV from Brunei in P.stylirostris
Achieving fool proof bio-security is very difficult
This provided a good example of national efforts in containing the problem
Also showed that it is very expensive to implement a stamping out operation
Highlights the importance of timely availability of technical and financial resources
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50. Emerging Concerns in AP
7. Introduction of new stocks of native species
Introduction of wild P. monodon broodstock from Africa (Mozambique) and Australia to Asia for setting up domestication programs
Need for proper risk analysis
Tendency to lower the stringency for import requirements and health inspections as compared to an exotic species
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51. Emerging Concerns in AP
8. Re-emergence of EUS
There is a feeling of complacency in many countries
Severity of outbreaks is serious in some of the countries (e.g. India)
Huge economic losses in culture systems
Also an issue for export of ornamentals to EU
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52. Emerging Concerns in AP
9. Intensification
Mekong striped catfish
tonnes/ha/crop in Vietnam
System unique to Vietnam and Mekong Delta
Catfish in India and Bangladesh
30-40 tonnes/ha/crop
Red Tilapia
Series of problems in recent years in Thailand, Indonesia and Vietnam (Streptococcus infection)
Limited focus on low value species. Much of the attention is on high value species. This needs to change
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53. Emerging Concerns in AP
10. Increased focus on molecular diagnostics
In the last decade more capacity built in the region for molecular biology and its applications
Reduced interest in conventional diagnostics and hence reduced capacity for histopathology, bacteriology, mycology and parasitology
Limited capacity for epidemiology and risk analysis
Consequence
holistic approach in dealing with new disease outbreaks and emerging disease events lacking
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54. Emerging Concerns in AP
11. Aquaculture Certification
Perception concerning Asia Pacific
Public institutions not able to enforce full compliance to international mandatory standards (e.g. food safety and animal health) and other voluntary standards (e.g. environment and social)
Mushrooming of private standards and third party certification schemes
Confusion to small scale primary producers
Will they help to improve compliance to animal health standards?
Clear need for provision of services to the small scale sector to enhance compliance to both mandatory and voluntary standards
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55. Emerging Concerns in AP
12. Cooperation between veterinary and fisheries authorities
In many of the AP countries, aquatic animal health responsibilities come under the fisheries departments
Nomination of OIE aquatic focal points is a significant step forward
Need to further strengthen the cooperation
Better implement the national strategies
Enhance participation of aquatic animal health experts in the OIE standard setting process
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56. Emerging Concerns in AP
13. National Government Support
Compared to livestock, aquatic animal health management receives less attention and priority from governments in AP
Hence a strong need to quantify the social and economic cost of aquatic animal diseases
Not available for many countries
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57. Conclusions
Aquaculture will diversify, expand and intensify and disease risk will increase in AP
Trade (movement of live animals and their products) will happen and diseases will spread in AP
AP should aim to promote responsible aquaculture and responsible trade
Having effective national strategies will help to comply with mandatory and voluntary national and international requirements and standards
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58. Conclusions
NACA endeavors to support governments in Asia Pacific through projects and capacity building activities to strengthen compliance to all standards and requirements including OIE code and standards
NACA will continue to cooperate and collaborate with international (e.g. OIE, FAO) and regional (e.g. SEAFDEC, ASEAN, SAARC) organizations and promote implementation of a strong aquatic animal health program in Asia-Pacific.
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59. Thank you.... Visit us at www.enaca.org for more details
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