1. A Small Dose of Toxicology Ethics & Toxicology – 4/12/06 Protecting Environmental Health in Schools – An Introduction to the Ethics and Toxicology Keeping Students Safe Steven G. Gilbert, PhD, DABT “A Small Dose of Toxicology” www.asmalldoseof.org

2. A Small Dose of Toxicology Ethics & Toxicology – 4/12/06 A Small Dose of Toxicology See: www.asmalldoseof.org -- smdosesmdose

3. A Small Dose of Toxicology Ethics & Toxicology – 4/12/06 Small Dose of Toxicology

4. A Small Dose of Toxicology Ethics & Toxicology – 4/12/06 Milestones of Toxicology

5. A Small Dose of Toxicology Ethics & Toxicology – 4/12/06 Child Health

6. A Small Dose of Toxicology Ethics & Toxicology – 4/12/06 “Children can develop and mature in an environment that allows them to reach and maintain their full potential.” Vision for Child Health

7. A Small Dose of Toxicology Ethics & Toxicology – 4/12/06 The study of poisons or the adverse effects of chemical and physical agents on living organisms. Toxicology Definitions

8. A Small Dose of Toxicology Ethics & Toxicology – 4/12/06 “Conditions that ensure that all living things have the best opportunity to reach and maintain their full genetic potential.” Steven G. Gilbert, 1999 Environmental Health

9. A Small Dose of Toxicology Ethics & Toxicology – 4/12/06 What Is This Pesticide? N N N N CH 3 O O 1 3 7

10. A Small Dose of Toxicology Ethics & Toxicology – 4/12/06 Key Words Risk = Hazard X Exposure Dose / Response Individual Sensitivity

11. A Small Dose of Toxicology Ethics & Toxicology – 4/12/06 “All substances are poisons; there is none which is not a poison. The right dose differentiates a poison from a remedy.” Paracelsus (1493-1541) Paracelsus

12. A Small Dose of Toxicology Ethics & Toxicology – 4/12/06 “The sensitivity of the individual differentiates a poison from a remedy. The fundamental principle of toxicology is the individual’s response to a dose.” S. G. Gilbert (1997) An Individual View

13. A Small Dose of Toxicology Ethics & Toxicology – 4/12/06 Effects of Amount on Response

14. A Small Dose of Toxicology Ethics & Toxicology – 4/12/06 Effects of Size on Response

15. A Small Dose of Toxicology Ethics & Toxicology – 4/12/06 Dose Response Issues Higher metabolic rate Different nutritional requirements Rapidly dividing & migrating cells Immature organs Susceptibility of Children

16. A Small Dose of Toxicology Ethics & Toxicology – 4/12/06 A Small Dose of Lead

17. A Small Dose of Toxicology Ethics & Toxicology – 4/12/06 Lead In Homes

18. A Small Dose of Toxicology Ethics & Toxicology – 4/12/06 Lead History Greek 2 nd BC Lead Makes the Mind Give Way

19. A Small Dose of Toxicology Ethics & Toxicology – 4/12/06 Lead - Absorption Orally Consumed Lead Absorbed In Place of Calcium CHILDREN – 30-50% OF LEAD ADULTS – 5-10% OF LEAD Increased During Pregnancy

20. A Small Dose of Toxicology Ethics & Toxicology – 4/12/06 25 DAYS -- BLOOD 40 DAYS -- SOFT TISSUE 20 YEARS -- BONE Half-life Of Lead

21. A Small Dose of Toxicology Ethics & Toxicology – 4/12/06 Agency Blood Lead Levels

22. A Small Dose of Toxicology Ethics & Toxicology – 4/12/06 Are we doing enough? CDC Lead level 10 to 2 Mcg/dL? Lead in the drinking water of Seattle schools! SB 5189 Reducing childhood lead exposure

23. A Small Dose of Toxicology Ethics & Toxicology – 4/12/06 A Small Dose of Mercury

24. A Small Dose of Toxicology Ethics & Toxicology – 4/12/06 Hg – Like Water

25. A Small Dose of Toxicology Ethics & Toxicology – 4/12/06 Fetal Effects of MeHg

26. A Small Dose of Toxicology Ethics & Toxicology – 4/12/06 The Mercury Cycle

27. A Small Dose of Toxicology Ethics & Toxicology – 4/12/06 Mercury Education and Reduction Act (MERA) – 2003 Educate - schools, businesses, local governments, and the public about health effects, disposal, and reduction of use January 1, 2006 - Primary and secondary schools can no longer purchase elemental mercury or mercury compounds, and must remove and properly dispose of bulk elemental mercury. WA State Hg Action Plan http://www.doh.wa.gov/EHP/mercury/wadoing.htm

28. A Small Dose of Toxicology Ethics & Toxicology – 4/12/06 Pesticide Application

29. A Small Dose of Toxicology Ethics & Toxicology – 4/12/06 Classes Of Pesticides  Insecticides (kill insects) Organochlorines Organophosphates Carbamates Synthetic Pyrethroids  Herbicides (kill plants)  Rodenticides (kill rodents)  Fungicides (kill fungus)  Fumigants (kill whatever)

30. A Small Dose of Toxicology Ethics & Toxicology – 4/12/06 Other Exposure  Dietary exposure Pesticide residues on crops, dust – hand to mouth  Community exposure Airborne drift from commercial app  Contaminated drinking water Leaching from soils to ground water

31. A Small Dose of Toxicology Ethics & Toxicology – 4/12/06 Focus – long-term prevention of pest problems Reduce or eliminate chemical pest control methods Monitor for the presence of pests before treating Nonchemical strategies (make habitat less attractive, physical controls) Learn about your pests Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

32. A Small Dose of Toxicology Ethics & Toxicology – 4/12/06 Socially responsible white guys?

33. A Small Dose of Toxicology Ethics & Toxicology – 4/12/06 “When an activity raises threats of harm to human health or the environment, precautionary measures should be take even if some cause and effect relationships are not fully established scientifically.” Wingspread Conference, 1998. Precautionary Principle

34. A Small Dose of Toxicology Ethics & Toxicology – 4/12/06 Taking preventive action in the face of uncertainty Shifting the burden of proof/responsibility to the proponents of an activity Exploring a wide range of alternatives to possibly harmful actions Increasing public participation in decision making Wingspread Conference, 1998. Central components

35. A Small Dose of Toxicology Ethics & Toxicology – 4/12/06 Children have a right to a safe, fair and healthy environment Ethical Responsibility to share and use of knowledge Duty to promote health and well being of children Thoughtful public health advocate Knowledge - Responsibility

36. A Small Dose of Toxicology Ethics & Toxicology – 4/12/06 The Potential of Children

37. A Small Dose of Toxicology Ethics & Toxicology – 4/12/06 Principles of Toxicology

38. A Small Dose of Toxicology Ethics & Toxicology – 4/12/06 Additional Information A Small Dose of Toxicology www.asmalldoseof.org For Additional Information contact Steven G. Gilbert, PhD, DABT E-mail: sgilbert@innd.org Web: www.asmalldoseof.org