1. MEMORY ASSESSMENT in the LAB vs. the CLINIC
Laboratory goals:
Address theoretical questions about memory forms and processes
Determine population mean & variance
Clinical goals:
Detailed “case description”
Diagnosis (Organic? Malingerer?)
Prognosis for rehabilitation
Determining therapy
Assessing change in condition
Types of Memory Tests:
Clinical need for standardized, normed
Experimental need for “special purpose” tests

2. CRITERIA FOR CLINICAL TESTS Standardized tests should be…
Reliable
Valid
Sensitive
Sample wide range of..
Retention intervals
Verbal , nonverbal
Simple and complex
Old memory and new learning
Quantitative and qualitative measures
“modes” of response
Normed by age, IQ, etc
“Patient friendly”
Quick and engaging

3. CLINICAL MEMORY BATTERIES
Wechsler Memory Scale III (1997)
Orientation (How old are you? Who’s governor of Florida?)
Mental Control (recite the months of the year)
Immediate Memory Span and Working memory (serial recall and sequencing of letters, digits, positions)
Logical Memory (immediate and delayed recall of prose passages)
Configural Memory (recognition of faces and family pictures, immediate and delayed)

4. Wechsler Memory Scale III (1997)
Evaluation:
Tests new learning only
Well normed, most popular test
Normed against WAIS (an IQ test)
Takes nearly an hour to administer
No alternative forms for assessing change
WAIS
WMS Index FSIQ WM
Immediate Memory
General Memory
Working Memory
% Y variance accounted for by X =
r2(X,Y)

5. Rivermead Everday Memory Test
Orientation (place, time and personal)
Verbal Recall (list of names)
Spatial Recall (set of hidden objects)
Spatial Route Recall (immediate and delayed)
Immediate Recognition (of pictures and faces)
Story Recall (immediate and delayed)
Prospective Memory (ask a specific question when cue is given)
Evaluation:
Tests new learning only
Good reliability and face validity
Four forms for assessing change
Takes less than 30 minutes to administer
Good “prognostic sensitivity”

6. Baddeley Battery (!) for Verbal and Nonverbal Information
Peoples Test (photos, occupations, and names of four people; cued recall)
Shapes Test (copy and later recall four versions of abstract forms)
Names Test (recognition for 12 names, 4AFC (Matt Brownell, Mark Brownhill..)
Doors Test (recognition of 12 doors with varied molding)
Evaluation:
Tests new learning only
Good distinction between visual-spatial and verbal materials
Quick and friendly
No delayed recognition
Limited norming so far

7. Kopelman Memory Interviews
Personal Semantic Memory Schedule (schools, friends, personal facts from various life periods)
Autobiographical Incidents (cued recall of particular episodes from specific periods)
Famous Personalities Test (Names and faces of famous and unknown persons by decade
News Events Test (cued recall of details of pictured events by decade)
Dead-or-Alive Test (!) (names of famous people by decade: dead or alive?)
Evaluation:
Tests prior knowledge (retrograde)
Good range of retention intervals
Mostly verbal knowledge
Needs re-norming every few years
Difficulty of validating personal info

8. Factor Analysis of Clinical Memory Tests
Hunkin, et al. (2000)
WMS-R and several other tests given to 50 patients with range of impairments
Assess correlations among scores, e.g.:
WMS-Verbal with:
WMS-Visual +.49
WMS-Delay +.75
WRMT-Words +.54
WRMT-Faces +.16
D&P doors +.30
Derive independent factors for
Immediate versus delayed
Recall versus recognition
Verbal versus visual for recognition, not recall

9. Summary of Clinical Batteries
Wide range of memory systems tested
Provides clinician with standard toolkit
Problem of ceiling and floor effects
Challenge of different norming groups
Complements ad hoc tests