1. Andeans, Africans, and Spaniards: Making Colonialism Function in the Americas Dr. Rachel O’Toole

2. California State Standards 7.11 Students analyze political and economic change in the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries (the Age of Exploration, the Enlightenment, and the Age of Reason). Know the great voyages of discovery, the locations of the routes, and the influence of cartography in the development of a new European worldview. Discuss the exchanges of plants, animals, technology, culture, and ideas among Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries and the major economic and social effects on each continent.

3. ◄ Inca Empire Latin America ►

4. ◄ macana: Inca battle club Ollantaytambo: Inca fortress ▼

5. The Indians… called them Viracochas because of the stately appearance of their persons and because each was so different from the other, some having black beards, and others red ones and, finally, because they saw them eat out of silver dishes and using yllapas, which is the word we use for ‘thunder’ and by which they meant their ‘guns’… Two of these Viracocha were brought to my uncle Atahualpa by some men from the Yunca people. At the time, Atahualpa was staying at Cajamarca, where he received them very well. However, when he offered our customary drink in a golden cup to one of them, the Spaniard poured it out with his own hands, which offended my uncle very much. After that, those two Spaniards showed my uncle a letter or a book (I am not sure exactly which), explaining to him that this was the quillca [word] of God and of the king. My uncle, still offended by the wasting of the chicha (which is how we call our drink), took the letter (or whatever it was) and threw it down, saying, ‘What is this supposed to be that you gave to me here? Be gone!’ Thereupon the Spaniards returned to their companions and related to them what they had seen and what had happened during their dealings with my uncle Atahualpa.” Titu Cusi Yupanqui, An Inca Account of the Conquest of Peru. Ralph Bauer, translator and editor (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2005), [1570] pp. 60 – 61.

6. don Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala (1590s? early 1600s?) “Is this the gold that you eat?” (in Quechua) “Yes, this is the gold that we eat.” In Cuzco.

7. Good Government They cut off the head of Tupac Amaru in Cuzco Inka Wana Qawri, where have you gone? Is our perverse enemy going to cut your neck next, you who are innocent? (In Quechua) In Cuzco

8. The road of the author with his son don Francisco de Ayala. He leaves the province for the city of the Kings of Lima to provide an account to his Majesty. He leaves poor, naked, and travels during winter.

9. 18 th -century church ▲ Tupac Amaru II stickers from supermarket in Lima (1998) ►

10. Spain

11. A Morisco and his wife with a child. Christoph Weiditz: Das Trachtenbuch (Códice del traje), 1529).

12. Spanish Empire (including Portugal 1580 – 1640)

17. First History… Black Christians Blacks leave Guinea such as San Juan Buenaventura His Holy Majesty that the king of black Guinea are reluctant people subject to the Big Turk and will be subjected to the service of God and the good of the Royal Crown, helping with arms and food.

18. Jean-Baptiste Debret (1834 – 1839) Brazil Cofradia gathering.