2. Classification of Living Things B8.C

3. Living things are... Organized into cells. Grow and develop. Respond to the environment. Use energy Reproduce

4. Cells are organized into... Tissues, with like types of cells Tissue layers form organs Organs that work together form organ systems Organ systems that work together make an organism

5. Taxonomy-how to classify life

7. 49 Which of these classifications is most specific? A Family B Genus C Phylum D Order The taxonomy divisions from largest to smallest are: Kingdoms (5) Phylum Class Order Family Genus species

8. 6 Kingdoms – Largest groupings of living things Animalia Plantae Fungi ProtistaEubacteriaArchaebacteria

9. Animal Kingdom Multicellular heterotrophic This kingdom includes all vertebrates (one major phylum) and invertebrates (several phyla) Insects, jellyfish, people are all animals

10. Kingdom Plantae Multicellular and autotrophic Means that all plants perform photosynthesis This kingdom includes mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants (grasses, fruit trees, shrubs, most garden plants, most crops, wildflowers)

11. Kingdom Fungi Multicellular and some single-cells Most of these organisms are decomposers Includes mushrooms, yeasts and infections like athlete's foot

12. Kingdoms of Single Cells Kingdom Protista: largest source of food and oxygen for the entire planet. Includes plankton, amoeba, and ciliates. Described as Unicellular Eukaryotes

13. Prokaryotic Kingdom- Cells without membraned organelles Kingdom Eubacteria: Unicellular Prokaryotes which are often decomposers Kingdom Archaebacteria: Unicellular Prokaryotes from extreme environments.

14. 8 Some bacteria benefit mammals by helping with — F growth G defense H digestion J respiration Kingdom Bacteria has beneficial and harmful members The best answer here is H, since digestion systems of mammals contain bacteria. Bacteria found in the respiratory system usually result in illness, which would trigger the defenses, not help them.

15. Binomial Classification Living things are given a two-part scientific name. This 2-part name is also the species name. The first part is the Genus which is capitalized, and the second, which is the species, part of the scientific name is never capitalized. Scientific names are used because the same plant or animal in different places may have different common names. Your scientific name is Homo sapiens

16. 12 The bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, is most closely related to the — F spotted chorus frog, Pseudacris clarki G Asian flying frog, Polypedates leucomystax H northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens J African bullfrog, Pyxicephalus adspersus

17. Related in biological terms means family, genus, species. F spotted chorus frog, Pseudacris clarki G Asian flying frog, Polypedates leucomystax H northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens J African bullfrog, Pyxicephalus adspersus Genus is always a capital letter, species is lower case. Most closely related would be in the same genus, Rana. ANSWER? H

18. Viruses Viruses are not alive because they can not reproduce on their own, and They do not grow and develop and They do not exchange with their environment

19. Viral Illnesses Measles, mumps, colds, influenza, Cold Sores, mononucleosis, Epstein-Barr virus and AIDS are all illnesses that are caused by a virus. A Virus is has a coat, a strand inside of DNA or RNA, and some type of attachment appendage.

21. Lytic Cycle 1.Attach to the cell and inject DNA 2.Replicate new viruses 3.The Cell breaks open and releases viruses 4.The cycle starts over

22. Lysogenic Cycle 1.The virus attaches to the cell and injects its DNA 2.Viral DNA integrates with host DNA 3.Host cell divies normally 4.The provirus may then enter the lytic cycle

23. Cold Sores Virus hides deep in the nerves of the face During times of stress, the virus begins to cause tissue damage that is seen as a cold sore or fever blister

24. Viruses are often restricted to certain kinds of cells Example HIV virus HIV infects human white blood cells

25. How HIV infects cells HIV entry is a two-step process First, the virus attaches to the cell at specific sites called receptors Second, this attachment triggers endocytosis and carries the HIV virus into the cell HIV does not destroy the cell but continues to replicate and may continue to replicate for years Eventually it recognizes new receptors and reproduces in T cells. It destroys them and thus destroys the immune system. This is AIDS HIV can be carried for years before AIDS develops and the host may not realize they have the disease and may spread it to other individuals

26. HIV transmission HIV is transmitted to other individuals body fluids (such as semen and vaginal fluid) through sexual contact and in blood through the sharing of nonsterile needles. It is also transmitted to infants during pregnancy or through breast milk

27. Relationships and Food Chains B12.B,E

28. Ecology – The study of the relationships among living things Symbiosis is a close relationship between two living things. When both are helped it is called mutualism When one is helped and there is no effect on the other it is called commensalism When one is helped and the other is harmed it is called parasitism

29. Mutualism... Sharks are cleaned by a little fish known as a Remora. The shark never eats them since they clean bacteria off of the shark. Since both species are helped, this is mutualism.

30. Commensalism... Orchids live high in tree-tops on the branches of large trees. They do not harm the tree, but they are helped by being raised up into the sunshine and receiving water.

31. Parasites... Parasites harm or kill the host. A good example is a tape worm. It intercepts all of the hosts food, causing the host to starve to death.

32. 35 Clown fish are small reef fish that seek protection from predators by sheltering themselves among the stinging tentacles of sea anemones. Clown fish are very territorial and can potentially scare off predators of sea anemones. This relationship is an example of -- A neutralism B mutualism C parasitism D commensalism This is not a type of symbiosis Incorrect Neither is harmed so this is incorrect Means only one is being helped and the relationship has no effect on the other – also incorrect Since both are helped, it is of mutual benefit or

33. What is helped? Both the ants and the tree. This is the definition of:

34. All energy on the earth comes from the sun.

35. 18 Energy used by producers in a grassland food web is provided by- F sunlight G photosynthesis H oxygen J carbon dioxide Used by producers This is a process, not an energy source. H and J are elements which are types of matter, not energy. So our answer should be: F

36. Energy Diagrams At one end of the diagram are plants. They are called producers since they are capable of turning sunlight into food by photosynthesis. They pass 10% of the energy they absorb to animals that eat them.

37. Consumers 1 st Order Consumers eat only plants and are also called herbivores. 2 nd Order Consumers eat only animals and are called carnivores. 3 rd Order Consumers animals that eat other animals, they are also known as carnivores

38. 39 Wolves and hawks are at the same trophic level because they — A both live on land B are both large mammals C both eat primary consumers D have similar hunting patterns trophic level Means 1 st, 2 nd or 3 rd Order Consumer

39. 10% Energy Rule – Only 10% of the energy moves up to the next trophic level. Decomposers

40. 43 Approximately how much of the energy available in the tissues of the producer is eventually incorporated into the tissues of a secondary consumer? A Less than 1% B Between 20% and 30% C Approximately 50% D More than 50% If we apply the 10% rule, 10% of the 1000 kcal of the plant is consumed or 100 kcal, and 10% of that is 10 kcal which is 1% of the original 1000kcal, but only 3 kcal is available to the tissues so it is A.

41. Food Chain – One of many feeding relationships in a community Arrows in a food chain show the direction of energy flow. This is not the only feeding relationship for these organisms. When several or all of the food relationships are shown it’s a...

42. Food Web

43. Food Webs Food webs attempt to show all the feeding relationships in a community. The direction of the arrows shows the direction of energy flow. At the bottom of every web and every chain is a plant. These are the only things that can turn sunshine into food.

44. 37 Which of these groups of organisms would most likely have accumulated the largest concentration of a long-lasting chemical pollutant in their bodies? A Phytoplankton B Zooplankton C Lake trout D Gulls Since the Gulls are at the top of the food web, they would have the highest accumulation of everything but energy.

45. Predator and Prey Prey are the animals that are eaten as a food source for the... Predator This is the hunter animal. The population of the predator must be less than the prey or they do not have enough food.

46. To increase the predator population you could do what? 24 Which of the following is most likely to cause increases in a predator population? F Fewer prey G A reduction in competition H More parasites J A period of drought Reduces available food – Nope! Less predators, they would be sick or dying! Less predators and prey, they’d be gone looking for water!