1. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu How to Use This Presentation To View the presentation as a slideshow with effects select “View” on the menu bar and click on “Slide Show”, or simply press F5 on the top row of your keyboard. To advance to the next slide click the left mouse button once. From the Chapter screen you can click on any section to go directly to that section’s presentation. Blank or “missing” areas of a slide will remain hidden until the left mouse button is clicked. You may exit the slide show at any time by pressing the Esc key. How to Use This Presentation

2. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter Presentation Transparencies Image and Math Focus Bank Bellringers Standardized Test Prep Visual Concepts Resources

3. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Table of Contents Section 1 The Nervous System Section 2 Responding to the Environment Section 3 The Endocrine System Chapter D4 Communication and Control

4. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 The Nervous System Bellringer List as many functions of the brain as you can. How do you think the brain coordinates all the different activities? Record your answers in your science journal. Chapter D4

5. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 The Nervous System Objectives Describe the relationship between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. Compare the somatic nervous system with the autonomic nervous system. List one function of each part of the brain. Chapter D4

6. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 The Nervous System Two Systems Within a System The central nervous system (CNS) is your brain and spinal cord. The CNS processes and responds to all messages coming from the peripheral nervous system. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is all of the parts of the nervous system except for the brain and the spinal cord. The PNS connects all parts of the body to the CNS. Chapter D4

7. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 The Nervous System The Peripheral Nervous System A neuron is a nerve cell that is specialized to transfer messages in the form of fast-moving electrical energy. The three parts of a neuron are the cell body, the dendrites, and the axon. Sensory neurons gather information about what is happening in and around your body. Neurons that send impulses from the brain and spinal cord to other systems are called motor neurons. Chapter D4

8. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 The Nervous System Chapter D4

9. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 The Nervous System Nerves The central nervous system is connected to the rest of your body by nerves. A nerve is a collection of axons bundled together with blood vessels and connective tissue. Most nerves have axons of both sensory neurons and motor neurons. Chapter D4

10. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 The Nervous System Chapter D4

11. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 The Nervous System Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems Somatic Nervous System Most of the neurons that are part of the somatic nervous system are under your conscious control. Autonomic Nervous System Autonomic nerves do not need your conscious control. The autonomic nervous system controls body functions that you don’t think about, such as digestion and heart rate. Chapter D4

12. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 The Nervous System The Central Nervous System The brain is the largest organ of the nervous system. The brain is the main control center of the nervous system. Its controls both voluntary and involuntary processes. The brain is comprised of the cerebrum, the cerebellum, and the medulla. Chapter D4

13. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 The Nervous System The Central Nervous System, continued The cerebrum is where you think and where most memories are stored. It controls voluntary movements and the senses. Chapter D4

14. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 The Nervous System The Central Nervous System, continued The cerebellum processes sensory information from your body, such as from skeletal muscles and joints. The medulla controls involuntary processes such as blood pressure, body temperature, heart rate, and involuntary breathing. Chapter D4

15. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 The Nervous System Chapter D4

16. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 The Nervous System The Spinal Cord Route to the Brain The spinal cord is made of neurons and bundles of axons that pass impulses to and from the brain. The spinal cord is surrounded by protective bones called vertebrae. Spinal Cord Injury A spinal cord injury may block all information to and from the brain. Each year, thousands of people are paralyzed by spinal cord injuries. Chapter D4

17. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 The Nervous System Chapter D4

18. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Responding to the Environment Bellringer List the five senses, and draw the organ associated with each sense as well as an object detected by each sense. Record your answers in your science journal. Chapter D4

19. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Responding to the Environment Objectives List four sensations that are detected by receptors in the skin. Describe how a feedback mechanism works. Describe how light relates to sight. Describe how the senses of hearing, taste, and smell work. Chapter D4

20. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Responding to the Environment Sense of Touch Stimuli and Receptors Touch is what you feel when sensory receptors in the skin are stimulated. Each kind of receptor responds mainly to one kind of stimulus. Chapter D4

21. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Responding to the Environment Responding to Sensory Messages Pain receptors in your skin activate immediate, involuntary actions called reflexes. Reflexes help you move quickly out of the way of danger. Feedback Mechanisms are cycles of events in which information from one step controls or affects a previous step. Chapter D4

22. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Responding to the Environment Sense of Sight Reacting to Light Your pupil is an opening that lets light enter the eye. The pupil is surrounded by the iris, a ring of muscle that controls the amount of light that enters the eye. Focusing the Light Light travels in straight lines until it passes through the cornea and the lens. Muscles in the eye change the shape of the lens in order to focus light onto the retina. Chapter D4

23. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Responding to the Environment Human Eyes Click below to watch the Visual Concept. You may stop the video at any time by pressing the Esc key. Visual Concept Chapter D4

24. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Responding to the Environment Sense of Hearing Each ear has an outer, middle, and inner portion. Sound waves reaching the outer ear are funneled into the middle ear and then into the inner ear before being interpreted by the brain. Chapter D4

25. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Responding to the Environment Sense of Taste Your tongue is covered with tiny bumps called papillae. Most papillae contain taste buds. Taste buds contain cluster of taste cells, or receptors for taste. Taste buds respond to sweetness, sourness, saltiness, and bitterness. Chapter D4

26. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Responding to the Environment Sense of Smell Receptors for smell are located on olfactory cells in the upper part of your nasal cavity. An olfactory cell is a nerve cell that responds to chemical molecules in the air. Chapter D4

27. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 The Endocrine System Bellringer Unscramble the following words: nalgd meornoh noclotr Record your answers in your science journal. Chapter D4

28. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 The Endocrine System Objectives Explain why the endocrine system is important to the body. Identify five glands of the endocrine system, and describe what their hormones do. Describe how feedback mechanisms stop and start hormone release. Name two hormone imbalances. Chapter D4

29. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 The Endocrine System Hormones as Chemical Messengers The endocrine system is a collection of glands and groups of cells that secrete hormones. A gland is a group of cells that make special chemical messengers, called hormones, for your body. A hormone is a chemical messenger made in one cell or tissue that causes a change in another cell or tissue in another part of the body. Chapter D4

30. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 The Endocrine System More Endocrine Glands Your thyroid gland controls the secretion of growth hormones for normal body growth. Your thymus gland produces killer T cells that help destroy or neutralize cells or substances that invade your body. Metabolism is the sum of all the chemical processes that take place in an organism. Chapter D4

31. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 The Endocrine System More Endocrine Glands, continued Chapter D4

32. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 The Endocrine System Controlling the Endocrine Glands Endocrine glands control feedback mechanisms in the body. Hormone Imbalances Occasionally, an endocrine gland makes too much or not enough of a hormone. For example, sometimes a child’s pituitary gland doesn’t make enough growth hormone. As a result, the child’s growth is stunted. Chapter D4

33. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 The Endocrine System Hormone Imbalances, continued Chapter D4

34. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Communication and Control Concept Map Use the terms below to complete the concept map on the next slide. brain neurons medulla cerebellum cerebrum peripheral nerves dendrites spinal cord Chapter D4

35. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Communication and Control Chapter D4

36. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Communication and Control Chapter D4

37. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu End of Chapter D4 Show

38. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Reading Read each of the passages. Then, answer the questions that follow each passage. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter D4

39. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Passage 1 The axon terminals of neurons usually do not touch the other cells. There is a small gap between an axon terminal and another cell. This space where a neuron meets another cell is called a synapse. When a nerve impulse arrives at an axon terminal, the impulse cannot cross the gap. Instead, the impulse triggers the release of chemicals called neurotransmitters. Continued on the next slide Standardized Test Preparation Chapter D4

40. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Passage 1, continued These neurotransmitters cross the synapse between the axon terminal and the cell. When neurotransmitters reach the next cell, they signal the cell to react in a certain way. There are many kinds of neurotransmitters. Some neurotransmitters tell cells to start an action. Other neurotransmitters tell cells to stop an action. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter D4

41. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 1. What is the space between a neuron terminal and a receiving cell called? A a neurotransmitter B a synapse C an axon D a nerve Standardized Test Preparation Chapter D4

42. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 1. What is the space between a neuron terminal and a receiving cell called? A a neurotransmitter B a synapse C an axon D a nerve Standardized Test Preparation Chapter D4

43. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 2. Why are neurotransmitters necessary? F They tell muscle cells to contract or relax. G They create a gap that axons must cross. H They carry messages across the synapse. I They release chemical signals called impulses. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter D4

44. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 2. Why are neurotransmitters necessary? F They tell muscle cells to contract or relax. G They create a gap that axons must cross. H They carry messages across the synapse. I They release chemical signals called impulses. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter D4

45. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 3. Which of the following statements is a fact in the passage? A A synapse is an extension of a nerve cell. B The space between an axon terminal and another cell is filled with neurons. C Nerve impulses jump from an axon to another cell. D There are many kinds of neurotransmitters. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter D4

46. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 3. Which of the following statements is a fact in the passage? A A synapse is an extension of a nerve cell. B The space between an axon terminal and another cell is filled with neurons. C Nerve impulses jump from an axon to another cell. D There are many kinds of neurotransmitters. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter D4

47. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Passage 2 Hormones are chemical messengers released by cells that regulate other cells in the body. Hormones regulate many body processes. Hormones control growth, direct the production and use of energy, keep body temperature within normal limits, and direct responses to stimuli outside the body. Hormones carry chemical messages that tell cells to change their activities. Continued on the next slide Standardized Test Preparation Chapter D4

48. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Passage 2, continued For example, one hormone tells the heart to beat faster. Another hormone tells certain cells to make proteins and stimulates bone and muscle growth. Each hormone communicates with specific cells. Each hormone is like a key that opens only one kind of lock. A hormone’s message can be received only by cells that have the right kind of lock. Hormones control many important body functions, so their messages must be delivered properly. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter D4

49. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 1. According to the passage, which of the following statements about hormones is true? A Hormones tell cells to change their activities. B Hormones are electrical messengers. C Hormones are like locks. D Hormones are not important to your body. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter D4

50. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 1. According to the passage, which of the following statements about hormones is true? A Hormones tell cells to change their activities. B Hormones are electrical messengers. C Hormones are like locks. D Hormones are not important to your body. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter D4

51. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 2. What does the word regulate mean? F to control or direct G to beat faster H to raise your temperature I to reverse Standardized Test Preparation Chapter D4

52. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 2. What does the word regulate mean? F to control or direct G to beat faster H to raise your temperature I to reverse Standardized Test Preparation Chapter D4

53. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 3. According to the passage, what are two ways that one particular hormone affects the body? A controls your temperature and heart rate B responds to stimuli and makes proteins C stimulates bone growth and makes proteins D coordinates energy production and use and decreases temperature Standardized Test Preparation Chapter D4

54. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 3. According to the passage, what are two ways that one particular hormone affects the body? A controls your temperature and heart rate B responds to stimuli and makes proteins C stimulates bone growth and makes proteins D coordinates energy production and use and decreases temperature Standardized Test Preparation Chapter D4

55. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Interpreting Graphics The diagram below shows a typical neuron. Use the diagram below to answer the questions that follow. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter D4

56. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 1. What does A represent? A a cell body B an axon C a dendrite D an axon terminal Standardized Test Preparation Chapter D4

57. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Standardized Test Preparation 1. What does A represent? A a cell body B an axon C a dendrite D an axon terminal Chapter D4

58. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 2. Which of the following represents the path that an impulse in a neuron travels? F dendrite, cell body, axon, axon terminal G axon, axon terminal, cell body, dendrite H dendrite, nucleus, cell body, axon I nucleus, cell body, nucleus, axon Standardized Test Preparation Chapter D4

59. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Standardized Test Preparation 2. Which of the following represents the path that an impulse in a neuron travels? F dendrite, cell body, axon, axon terminal G axon, axon terminal, cell body, dendrite H dendrite, nucleus, cell body, axon I nucleus, cell body, nucleus, axon Chapter D4

60. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 3. To where is an impulse that reaches an axon terminal transmitted? A another axon terminal B the brain C a reflex D dendrites of another neuron Standardized Test Preparation Chapter D4

61. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 3. To where is an impulse that reaches an axon terminal transmitted? A another axon terminal B the brain C a reflex D dendrites of another neuron Standardized Test Preparation Chapter D4

62. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 4. What does having many dendrites allow a neuron to do? F to be locked into place in the body G to receive impulses from many other cells H to send impulses to surrounding cells I to get necessary nutrition Standardized Test Preparation Chapter D4

63. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 4. What does having many dendrites allow a neuron to do? F to be locked into place in the body G to receive impulses from many other cells H to send impulses to surrounding cells I to get necessary nutrition Standardized Test Preparation Chapter D4

64. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 5. Which of the following statements about an axon is true? A An axon is part of a gland. B An axon connects the cell body to the axon terminal. C An axon detects sights and sounds. D An axon carries chemical messages. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter D4

65. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 5. Which of the following statements about an axon is true? A An axon is part of a gland. B An axon connects the cell body to the axon terminal. C An axon detects sights and sounds. D An axon carries chemical messages. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter D4

66. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Math Read each question, and choose the best answer. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter D4

67. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 1. Sound travels about 335 m/s. How many kilometers would a sound travel in 1 min? (One kilometer is equal to 1,000 meters.) A 335,000 km B 20,100 km C 20.1 km D 0.335 km Standardized Test Preparation Chapter D4

68. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 1. Sound travels about 335 m/s. How many kilometers would a sound travel in 1 min? (One kilometer is equal to 1,000 meters.) A 335,000 km B 20,100 km C 20.1 km D 0.335 km Standardized Test Preparation Chapter D4

69. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 2. Some axons send one impulse every 2.5 milliseconds. How many impulses could one of these axons send every second? (One second is equal to 1,000 milliseconds.) F 4 impulses G 40 impulses H 400 impulses I 4,000 impulses Standardized Test Preparation Chapter D4

70. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 2. Some axons send one impulse every 2.5 milliseconds. How many impulses could one of these axons send every second? (One second is equal to 1,000 milliseconds.) F 4 impulses G 40 impulses H 400 impulses I 4,000 impulses Standardized Test Preparation Chapter D4

71. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 3. This table shows the results of Miguel’s blood-glucose tests. Miguel ate lunch at 12:00 noon. His blood glucose was measured every hour after that time. What was the average hourly decrease in blood-glucose level? A approximately 160 mg/1,000 mL B approximately 120 mg/1,000 mL C approximately 30 mg/1,000 mL D approximately 22 mg/1,000 mL Standardized Test Preparation Chapter D4

72. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Standardized Test Preparation 3. This table shows the results of Miguel’s blood-glucose tests. Miguel ate lunch at 12:00 noon. His blood glucose was measured every hour after that time. What was the average hourly decrease in blood-glucose level? A approximately 160 mg/1,000 mL B approximately 120 mg/1,000 mL C approximately 30 mg/1,000 mL D approximately 22 mg/1,000 mL Chapter D4

73. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 4. Your brain has about 1 billion neurons. How is 1 billion expressed in scientific notation? F 1  10 3 G 1  10 6 H 1  10 9 I 1  10 12 Standardized Test Preparation Chapter D4

74. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 4. Your brain has about 1 billion neurons. How is 1 billion expressed in scientific notation? F 1  10 3 G 1  10 6 H 1  10 9 I 1  10 12 Standardized Test Preparation Chapter D4

75. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 The Nervous System Chapter D4

76. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Responding to the Environment Chapter D4

77. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Responding to the Environment Chapter D4

78. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Responding to the Environment Chapter D4

79. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 The Endocrine System Chapter D4

80. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 The Endocrine System Chapter D4

81. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Standardized Test Preparation Chapter D4

82. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Standardized Test Preparation Chapter D4