2. Austronesian diffusion The remarkable diffusion of the Polynesian people – From the eastern part of the Austronesian culture region – Occupy hundreds of Pacific islands in a triangular-shaped realm – New Zealand, Easter Island, and Hawaii form the three apexes of the realm – Made a watery leap of 2,500 miles from the South Pacific to Hawaii Used outrigger canoes Went against prevailing winds into a new hemisphere with different navigational stars No humans had previously found the isolated Hawaiian Islands Sailors had no way of knowing that land existed in the area

4. Language families The Afro-Asiatic family – Has two major divisions—Semitic and Hamitic – Semitic covers the area from Tigris-Euphrates valley westward through most of the north half of Africa to the Atlantic coast Arabic is the most widespread Semitic language Arabic has the most number of native speakers—about 186 million Hebrew was a “dead” language used only in religious ceremonies Today Hebrew is the official language of Israel

6. Other major language families Africa south of the Sahara Desert is dominated by the Niger-Congo family – Spoken by about 200 million people – Greater part of the Niger-Congo culture region belongs to the Bantu subgroup – Includes Swahili—the lingua franca of East Africa

8. Other major language families Altaic language family – Includes Turkic, Mongolic, and several other subgroups – Homeland lies largely in deserts, tundras, and coniferous forests of northern and central Asia Uralic family – Finnish and Hungarian are the two most important tongues – Both have official status in their countries

10. Other major language families Sino-Tibetan language family – Extends throughout most of China and Southeast Asia – Han Chinese is spoken in a variety of dialects as a mother tongue by 836 million people – Han serves as the official form of speech in China

12. Other major language families Japanese/Korean language family – Another major Asian family with nearly 200 million speakers – Seems to have some kinship to both the Altaic and Austronesian

14. Other major language families Occupy refuge areas after retreat before rival groups – Khoisan — found in the Kalahari Desert of southwestern Africa, characterized by clicking sounds – Dravidian — spoken by numerous darker-skinned people of southern India and northern Sri Lanka – Others include — Papuan, Caucasic, Nilo-Saharan, Paleosiberian, Inukitut, and a variety of Amerindian – Basque — spoken on the borderland between Spain and France is unrelated to any other language in the world