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5.3 Language Families of the World

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Presentation on theme: "5.3 Language Families of the World"— Presentation transcript:

1 5.3 Language Families of the World
Fig. 5-11: Distribution of the world’s main language families. Languages with more than 100 million speakers are named.

2 Major Language Families Percentage of World Population
Fig. 5-11a: The percentage of world population speaking each of the main language families. Indo-European and Sino-Tibetan together represent almost 75% of the world’s people.

3 Language Family Trees

4 Indo-European Language Family (50% of World)
Main Branches (4 out of 8): Germanic (blue) Dutch, German Romance (Italic) (orange) Spanish, French Balto-Slavic (pink) Russian Indo-Iranian (light green and brown) Hindu, Bengali

5 Sino-Tibetan Language Family (20%)
Branches: Sinitic Mandarin (1075), Cantonese (71), Austro-Thai (77) Thai, Hmong Tibeto-Burman Burmese (32) Chinese languages based on 420 one syllable words with meaning infered from context and tone.

6 5.3 Language Families of the World
Fig. 5-11: Distribution of the world’s main language families. Languages with more than 100 million speakers are named.

7 Sino-Tibetan Language Family
Sinitic Branch Chinese Ideograms Fig. 5-13: Chinese language ideograms mostly represent concepts rather than sounds. The two basic characters at the top can be built into more complex words.

8 China, Thailand, Myanmar, Laos
Sino-Tibetan Language Family China, Thailand, Myanmar, Laos 2nd largest (26% of world) Sinitic Austro-Thai Tibetan-Burman Mandarin Burmese Thai Language Branch Languages

9 Sino-Tibetan Language Family Language Branch Languages
Sinitic Austro-Thai Tibetan-Burman Mandarin Burmese Thai Language Branch Languages Sinitic Mandarin Austro-Thai Thai Tibetan-Burman Burmese

10 Afro-Asiatic Language Family
Main Branch: Semitic Arabic (256) Language of the Koran; spread by Islamic Faith and Islamic (Ottoman) Empires Hebrew (5) Language of the old Testament (with Aramaic) completely revived from extinction in Israel, 1948.

11 Islamic World circa A.D. 1500

12 Middle East & North Africa
Afro-Asiatic Language Family Middle East & North Africa next largest (6%) Semitic Arabic Hebrew Language Branch Languages

13 Afro-Asiatic Language Family next largest (6%) Language Branch
Semitic Arabic Hebrew Language Branch Languages Semitic Arabic & Hebrew

14 Turkey to Mongolia (Central Asia)
Altaic Language Family Turkey to Mongolia (Central Asia) (3%) Turkish Uzbek Kazakh Languages

15 5.3 Language Families of the World
Fig. 5-11: Distribution of the world’s main language families. Languages with more than 100 million speakers are named.

16 Finland, Estonia, Hungary 2nd largest language family in Europe
Uralic Language Family Finland, Estonia, Hungary 2nd largest language family in Europe (NO Indo-European language is spoken in these countries)

17 5.3 Language Families of the World
Fig. 5-11: Distribution of the world’s main language families. Languages with more than 100 million speakers are named.

18 Language Families of Africa
Fig. 5-14: The 1,000 or more languages of Africa are divided among five main language families: Niger-Congo (95%) Nilo-Saharan Khoisan Austronesian & Afro-Asiatic (Arabic)

19 Niger-Congo Diffusion: The Great Bantu Migration
proto-Bantu peoples originated in Cameroon-Nigeria They spread throughout southern Africa AD Bantu peoples were agriculturalists who used metal tools Khoisan peoples were hunter-gatherers and were no match for the Bantu. Pygmies adopted Bantu tongue and retreated to forest Hottentots and Bushmen retained the clicks of Khoisan languages

20 5.3 Language Families of the World
Fig. 5-11: Distribution of the world’s main language families. Languages with more than 100 million speakers are named.

21 Distribution of Language Families
Niger-Congo (95% of Africans speak: there are MANY languages in Africa due to the minimal interaction over the past 5000 years) NIGERIA – lots of conflict due to language diversity Austronesia (SE Asia-Indonesia, also Madagascar. There is strong evidence of migration from SE Asia to Madagascar)

22 African Language Families
Niger-Congo Austronesian Khoisan Nilo-Saharan Namibia & Botswana Sub-Saharan Africa Madagascar Chad & S. Sudan Language Families Area spoken

23 Languages of Nigeria Fig. 5-15: More than 400 languages are spoken in Nigeria, the largest country in Africa (by population). English, considered neutral, is the official language.

24 Ch 5.3 Review Questions

25 Ch 5.3 Review Questions The language family encompassing the languages of the People’s Republic of China is A. Indo-European. B. Indo-Iranian. C. Mandarin. D. Sino-Tibetan. E. Austro-Asiatic.

26 Ch 5.3 Review Questions Ninety-five percent of the people in Sub-Saharan Africa speak a language from this language family A. Nilo-Saharan. B. Niger-Congo. C. Afro-Asiatic. D. Khoisan. E. Austronesian.

27 Ch 5.3 Review Questions Chinese is written in the form of A. a literary tradition. B. an alphabet. C. Cantonese. D. phonemes. E. ideograms.

28 Ch 5.3 Review Questions The second largest language family in the world is A. Indo-European. B. Afro-Asiatic. C. Dravidian. D. Sino-Tibetan. E. Austro-Asiatic.

29 Ch 5.3 Review Questions The second largest language family in Europe is A. Indo-European. B. Altaic. C. Uralic. D. Sino-Tibetan. E. Afro-Asiatic.

30 Ch 5.3 Review Questions When languages are depicted as leaves on trees, the trunks of the trees represent A. dialects. B. language groups. C. language branches. D. language families. E. possible prehistoric superfamilies.

31 Ch 5.3 Review Questions When languages are depicted as leaves on trees, tree roots represent A. dialects. B. language groups. C. language branches. D. language families. E. possible prehistoric superfamilies.

32 Ch 5.3 Review Questions Which European country has absolutely no Indo-European speakers? A. Finland B. Estonia C. Latvia D. Hungary E. None of the above

33 Ch 5.3 Review Questions What is the official language of Nigeria? A. French B. Spanish C. German D. English E. Italian

34 Ch 5.3 Review Questions Which language is from the Afro-Asiatic language family? A. Korean B. Bantu C. Russian D. Arabic E. Malagasy

35 Ch 5.3 Review Questions What is the primary language family in the Middle East? A. Indo-European. B. Altaic. C. Uralic. D. Sino-Tibetan. E. Afro-Asiatic.


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