Course: Ilmu Sosial Untuk Psikologi

Name: Course: Ilmu Sosial Untuk Psikologi
Uploaded: 2017-07-11T08:54:36+00:00
Duration: PTM30S10
Channel: Kristina Harrell
Description: Course: Ilmu Sosial Untuk Psikologi

Course: Ilmu Sosial Untuk Psikologi
Human Socialities: Socialization, Social Interaction, and Social Mobility

SOCIOLOGY Richard T. Schaefer
Socialization

Socialization The Role of Socialization The Self and Socialization
Socialization and the Life Course Agents of Socialization Social Policy and Socialization

The Role of Socialization
Social Environment:The Impact of Isolation Interaction of heredity and environment shape human development The Case of Isabelle Primate Studies

The Role of Socialization
The Influence of Heredity Studies of Identical Twins Intelligence tests show: Similar scores when twins are reared apart in roughly similar social settings Quite different scores when twins are reared apart in dramatically different social settings

The Self and Socialization
Sociological Approaches to the Self Self: distinct identity that sets us apart from others Cooley: Looking-Glass Self We learn who we are by interacting with others Our view of ourselves comes from contemplation of personal qualities and our impressions of how others perceive us The self is the product of our social interactions with other people

Sociological Approaches to the Self Mead: Stages of the Self Play Stage: children develop skill in communicating through symbols and role taking occurs Game Stage: children of about 8 or 9 consider several actual tasks and relationships simultaneously Preparatory Stage: children imitate people around them. Continued...

Sociological Approaches to the Self Mead: Stages of the Self Symbols: gestures, objects, and language that form basis of human communication Generalized Others: attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole that child takes into account Role Taking: process of mentally assuming the perspective of another

Sociological Approaches to the Self Mead: Stages of the Self Self begins as privileged, central position in a person’s world Significant Others: Individuals most important in the development of the self As person matures, the self changes and begins to reflect greater concern about reactions of others

Sociological Approaches to the Self Goffman: Presentation of the Self Impression Management: individual learns to slant the presentation of self to create distinctive appearances and satisfy particular audiences Goffman’s view sometimes called Dramaturgical Approach: people resemble performers in action Face-work: Need to maintain proper image of self to continue social interaction

Psychological Approaches to the Self Freud Self is a social product, however, natural impulsive instincts in constant conflict with societal constraints Personality influenced by others (especially one’s parents

Psychological Approaches to the Self Piaget Piaget emphasized the stages humans progress through as the self develops. Cognitive theory of development identified 4 stages in development of children’s thought processes Social interaction key to development

Socialization and the Life Course
Rites of Passage: Means of dramatizing and validating changes in a person’s status Ceremonies mark stages of development in life course Life-course Approach: Looks closely at social factors that influence people throughout their lives

We encounter some of the most difficult socialization challenges in later years

Table 4-1. Theoretical Approaches to Development of the Self

Table 4-2. Milestones in the Transition to Adulthood Source: T. Smith 2003

Anticipatory Socialization and Resocialization Anticipatory Socialization: processes of socialization in which person “rehearses” future occupations and social relationships Resocialization: process of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones as transition in one’s life

Anticipatory Socialization and Resocialization Total Institution: institution—prison, military, mental hospital, or convent—that regulates all aspects of a person’s life under a single authority Degradation Ceremony: ritual where individual becomes secondary and rather invisible in overbearing social environment

Agents of Socialization
Family Role of family in socializing a child cannot be overestimated Cultural Influences The Impact of Race and Gender Gender Roles: expectation regarding proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females

School Teach children values and customs of the larger society Traditionally socialized children into conventional gender roles Peer Group As children grow older, peer groups increasingly assume the role of Mead’s significant others

Table 4-3. High School Popularity Source: Suitor et al. 2001:445

Mass Media and Technology Technology socializes families into multitasking as the social norm 47% of parents reported at least one child has a TV in his/her bedroom

Figure 4-1. Internet Usage, Ages 10—17 Source: Kaiser Family Foundation/San Jose Mercury News 2003

Workplace Learning to behave appropriately within occupational setting is fundamental aspect of human socialization Socialization in workplace involves four phases: Career choice Anticipatory socialization Conditioning Continuous commitment

Religion and State Government and organized religion impacted life course by reinstituting some rites of passage

Social Policy and Socialization
Child Care Around the World The Issue In 2002, 55% of women who had given birth the previous year were back in the labor force 35% of all preschoolers with employed mothers attend group child care programs

Child Care Around the World The Setting Finding the right kind of day care challenges parents and pocketbook Researchers found high-quality child care centers do not adversely affect socialization of children

Child Care Around the World Sociological Insights Studies assessing quality of child care outside of home reflect micro-level of analysis favored by interactionists Functionalists study child care from perspective of macro-level analysis of the family as a social institution

Child Care Around the World Sociological Insights Conflict perspective notes child care costs are an especially serious burden for lower-class families Feminist perspective raises questions about the low status and wages of day care workers

Child Care Around the World Policy Initiatives Policies regarding child care outside of the home vary throughout the world When policymakers decide that child care is desirable, they must determine degree to which taxpayers should subsidize it

Social Interaction and Reality

Social Interaction and Reality
Elements of Social Structure Social Structure in Global Perspective Social Policy and Social Structure

Our response to someone’s behavior is based on meaning we attach to his or her actions The ability to define social reality reflects a group’s power within society Members of subordinate groups challenge traditional definitions and begin to perceive and experience reality in a new way

Figure 5-1. Social Statuses

Elements of Social Structure
Statuses Status: Refers to any of the socially defined positions within a large group or society A person holds more than one status simultaneously

Statuses Ascribed and Achieved Status Ascribed Status: status one is born with Achieved Status: status one earns Master Status Status that dominates others and determines person’s general position in society Societies deal with inconsistencies by agreeing that certain statuses are more important than others

Social Roles Sets of expectations for people who occupy a given status Significant component of social structure Role Conflict Occurs when incompatible expectations arise from two or more social positions held by the same person.

Social Roles Role Strain Difficulties that arise when the same social position imposes conflicting demands and expectations Role Exit Process of disengagement from a role that is central to one’s identity to establish a new role

Groups Any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who interact with each other on a regular basis. Every society composed of many groups in which daily social interaction takes place

Social Networks and Technology Social network: series of social relationships that links person directly to others, and indirectly links him or her to still more people Networking: involvement in social network; valuable skill when job-hunting We can now maintain social networks electronically with advances in technology

Social Institutions Organized patterns of beliefs and behavior centered on basic social needs

Functionalist View Five major tasks (functional prerequisites) a society or major group must accomplish Replacing personnel Teaching new recruits Producing and distributing goods and services Preserving order Providing and maintaining a sense of purpose

Conflict View Major institutions help maintain privileges of most powerful individuals and groups within society Social institutions have inherently conservative nature Social institutions operate in gendered and racist environments

Interactionist View Social institutions affect our everyday behavior Social behavior conditioned by roles and statuses

Social Structure in Global Perspective
Durkheim’s Mechanical and Organic Solidarity Mechanical solidarity: refers to collective consciousness that emphasizes group solidarity, implying that all individuals perform the same tasks Organic solidarity: refers to collective consciousness that hinges on need a society’s members have for one another

Tönnie’s Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft Gemeinschaft (guh-MINE-shoft): small community in which people have similar backgrounds and life experiences Gesellschaft (guh-ZELL-shoft): large community in which people are strangers and feel little in common with other community residents

Table 5-1. Comparison of the Gemeinshaft and Gesellschaft

Lenski’s Sociocultural Evolution Approach Views human societies as undergoing change according to a dominant pattern—sociocultural evolution “Process of change and development in human societies resulting from growth in their stores of cultural information” (Lenski et al. 2004:366)

Lenski’s Sociocultural Evolution Approach Society’s level of technology critical to way it is organized Technology: “Cultural information about how to use the material resources of the environment to satisfy human needs and desires” (Nolan and Lenski 2004:366)

Lenski’s Sociocultural Evolution Approach Preindustrial Societies Hunting-and-Gathering Society: people rely on whatever foods and fibers are readily available Horticultural Societies Agrarian Societies: primarily engaged in production of food Use technological innovations like the plow for dramatic increases in food production

Lenski’s Sociocultural Evolution Approach Industrial Societies Depend on mechanization to produce their goods and services Rely on inventions and energy sources Change the function of the family as a self-sufficient unit.

Lenski’s Sociocultural Evolution Approach Postindustrial and Postmodern Societies Postindustrial Society: economic system is engaged primarily in the processing and control of information Postmodern Society: technologically sophisticated society preoccupied with consumer goods and media images Continued...

Table 5-2. Stages of Sociocultural Evolution

Social Policy and Social Structure
The AIDS Crisis The Issue While there are encouraging new therapies developed to treat AIDS, there is currently no way to eradicate AIDS by medical means. What is the role of social institutions in preventing the spread of AIDS?

The AIDS Crisis The Setting Estimated 39.4 million people infected with AIDS Not evenly distributed Developing nations of sub-Saharan Africa face greatest challenge

The AIDS Crisis Sociological Insights AIDS epidemic likely to bring about certain transformations in a society’s social structure Functionalist perspective: established social institutions cannot meet a crucial need, new social networks are likely to emerge to fill that function

The AIDS Crisis Sociological Insights Conflict Perspective: Policymakers slow to respond to the AIDS crisis because those in high-risk groups—gays and IV drug users—were comparatively powerless. Interactionists: forecast AIDS could lead to more conservative sexual climate

The AIDS Crisis Policy Initiatives AIDS struck all societies Not all nations can respond in the same manner High cost of drug treatment generated intensive worldwide pressure on major pharmaceutical companies to lower prices

Figure 5-2. People Living with HIV/AIDS, 2004 Source: UNAIDS 2004:5

Stratification and Social Mobility in the United States

Stratification and Social Mobility in the United States
Understanding Stratification Stratification by Social Class Social Mobility Social Policy and Stratification

Understanding Stratification
Systems of Stratification Ascribed Status: social position assigned to person without regard for that person’s unique characteristics or talents Achieved Status: social position attained by person largely through his or her own effort

Systems of Stratification Slavery: most extreme form of legalized social inequality Castes: hereditary systems of rank, usually religiously dictated, that tend to be fixed and immobile Estate System: associated with feudal societies in the Middle Ages

Systems of Stratification Social Classes Class System: social ranking based primarily on economic position in which achieved characteristics can influence social mobility Rossides (1997) uses five-class model to describe U.S. class system: Upper class • Working class Upper-middle class • Lower class Lower-middle class

Figure 9-1. Household Income in the United States, 2001 Source: DeNavas-Walt and Cleveland 2002:15

Perspectives on Stratification Karl Marx’s View of Class Differentiation Social relations depend on who controls the primary mode of production Capitalism: economic system in which the means of production are held largely in private hands and the main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profits Bourgeoisie: capitalist class; owns the means of production Proletariat: working class

Perspectives on Stratification Karl Marx’s View of Class Differentiation Class Consciousness: subjective awareness of common vested interests and the need for collective political action to bring about change False Consciousness: attitude held by members of class that does not accurately reflect their objective position

Perspectives on Stratification Max Weber’s View of Stratification No single characteristic totally defines a person’s position with the stratification system Status Group: people who have the same prestige or lifestyle Class: group of people who have similar level of wealth and income Power: ability to exercise one’s will over others

Perspectives on Stratification Interactionist View Interested in the importance of social class in shaping a person’s lifestyle

Is Stratification Universal? Inequality exists in all societies—even the simplest Functionalist View Social inequity necessary so people will be motivated to fill functionally important positions. Does not explain the wide disparity between the rich and the poor

Is Stratification Universal? Conflict View Dominant Ideology: set of cultural beliefs and practices that helps to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests Human beings prone to conflict over scarce resources such as wealth, status, and power Stratification major source of societal tension and conflict that will inevitably lead to instability and social change

Is Stratification Universal? Lenski’s Viewpoint As a society advances technologically, it becomes capable of producing a considerable surplus of goods Emergence of surplus resources greatly expands possibilities for inequality in status, influence, and power Allocation of surplus goods and services reinforces social inequality

Figure 9-2. Around the World: What’s a CEO Worth? Source: Towers Perin Bryant 1999:Section 4, p. 1

Table 9-1. Major Perspectives on Social Stratification

Stratification by Social Class
Measuring Social Class Prestige: respect and admiration an occupation holds in society Objective Method Class largely viewed as a statistical category based on Occupation Education Income Place of residence Esteem: reputation specific person has earned within an occupation

Measuring Social Class Gender and Occupational Prestige Multiple Measures Wealth and Income Income in U.S. distributed unevenly In 2001, richest fifth of the population held 84.5% of nation’s wealth .

Table 9-2. Prestige Rankings of Occupations Source: J. Davis et al. 2003

Figure 9-3. U.S. Income Pyramid, 2003 Source: Developed by author based on data from DeNavas-Walt et al. 2004; HINC-01 and the Internal Revenue Service (2004)

Figure 9-4. Distribution of Wealth in the United States, 2001 Source: Wolff:2002

Figure 9-5. U.S. Minimum Wage Adjusted for Inflation, 1950—2005 Source: Author’s estimate and Bureau of the Census 2003a:425

Poverty Absolute poverty: minimum level of subsistence that no family should live below Relative poverty: floating standard by which people at the bottom of a society are judged as being disadvantaged in comparison to the nation as a whole

Poverty Who Are the Poor? Not a static social class Explaining Poverty In Gans’s view, poverty and poor satisfy positive functions for many non poor groups Life Chances: opportunities to provide material goods, positive living conditions, and favorable life experience

Figure 9-6. Absolute Poverty in Selected Industrial Countries Source: Smeeding et al. 2001:51

Table Who Are the Poor in the United Sates? Source: DeNavas-Walt et al. 2004:10

Social Mobility Open versus Closed Stratification Systems
Indicate social mobility in a society Open System: position of each individual influenced by the person’s achieved position Closed System: allows little or no possibility of moving up Social Mobility: Movement of individuals or groups from one position in a society’s stratification system to another

Social Mobility Types of Social Mobility
Horizontal Mobility: movement within same range of prestige Vertical Mobility: movement from one position to another of a different rank Intragenerational Mobility: social position changes within person’s adult life

Social Mobility Social Mobility in the United States
Occupational Mobility The Impact of Education The Impact of Race and Ethnicity The Impact of Gender

Social Policy and Stratification
Government and Poverty The Issue Governments searching for right solution to welfare How much subsidy? How much responsibility should poor assume?

Government and Poverty The Setting Shifts in U.S. welfare program in 1996 Most countries devote higher proportions of expenditures to Housing Social security Welfare Health care Unemployment compensation

Government and Poverty Sociological Insights Many sociologists view debate over welfare reform from conflict perspective Corporate Welfare: tax breaks, direct payments, and grants the government makes to corporations

Government and Poverty Policy Initiatives Prospect for hard-core jobless faded In North America and Europe, people beginning to turn to private means to support themselves People seeing gap between themselves and the affluent grow with fewer government programs to assist them

Course: Ilmu Sosial Untuk Psikologi

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