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Social Structure and Social Interaction
Chapter 4 Social Structure and Social Interaction
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Levels of Sociological Analysis
Macrosociology Large-Scale Features of Social Life Microsociology Focus on Social Interaction Yield distinctive perspectives Needed to gain a fuller understanding of social life © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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The Macrosociological Perspective
Status Symbols Master Statuses Status Inconsistency Roles Occupy Status Play Roles Groups © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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The Macrosociological Perspective
Sociological Significance of Social Structure Guides Our Behavior Behavior Decided by Location in Social Structure Culture Social Class © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Module 16 Statuses Status: Socially defined positions within a large group or society Person can hold more than one status at same time
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Ascribed and Achieved Status
Ascribed status A social position a person receives at birth or takes involuntarily later in life Matters about which we have little choice Achieved status A social position a person takes on voluntarily that reflects personal ability and effort People’s ascribed statuses influence the statuses they achieve
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Master Status A status that has special importance for social identity, often shaping a person’s entire life Can be negative as well as positive Gender is a master status because all societies limit opportunities for women Physical disability can serve as a master status
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The Macrosociological Perspective
Social Class Divides People by… Income Education Occupational Prestige Social Status Ascribed Achieved © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Status Symbols What are status symbols? Home Car Clothes Etc.
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Homes
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Cars
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And more…
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Role Behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status
A person holds a status and performs a role Varies by culture In every society, actual role performance varies according to a person’s unique personality Some societies permit more individual expression than others
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Role Role Set A number of roles attached to a single status
Differs by society Might or might not be important to social identity
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Module 16 Social Roles Social role: Set of expectations for people who occupy a given status Role conflict: When incompatible expectations arise from two or more social positions held by same person Role strain: Difficulties that arise when same social position imposes conflicting demands and expectations
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Role Strain and Role Conflict
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Module 16 Social Roles Role exit: Process of disengagement from a role that is central to one’s identity to establish a new role Doubt Search for alternatives Action stage Creation of a new identity
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Module 16 Social Networks Social network: Series of social relationships that link a person directly to others, and indirectly links him or her to still more people Networking: Involvement in social network; valuable skill when job-hunting Can center on any activity
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Module 16 Social Institutions Social institution: Organized pattern of beliefs and behavior centered on basic social needs Functionalist view Replacing personnel Teaching new recruits Producing and distributing goods and services Preserving order Providing and maintaining a sense of purpose
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Social Institutions Conflict view
Module 16 Social Institutions Conflict view Major institutions help maintain privileges of most powerful individuals and groups within society Social institutions have inherently conservative natures Social institutions operate in gendered and racist environments
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Social Institutions Interactionist view
Module 16 Social Institutions Interactionist view Social institutions affect everyday behavior Social behavior conditioned by roles and statuses
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Module 16 Virtual Worlds With advances in technology, people can maintain social networks electronically FaceBook and MySpace first stage in creation of alternative forms of reality Virtual life can migrate into real life Online socializations may not necessarily reinforce people’s prejudices Help preserve real-world networks interrupted by war or other dislocations
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Social Institutions Sociological Significance
Ten Social Institutions in Industrialized Societies Mass Media as an Emerging Social Institution Comparing Functionalist and Conflict Perspectives © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Societies—and Their Transformation
Hunting and Gathering Societies Pastoral and Horticultural Societies Agricultural Societies Industrial Societies Postindustrial (Information) Societies Biotech Societies: Is a New Type of Society Emerging? © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Lenski’s Sociocultural Evolution Approach
Module 17 Lenski’s Sociocultural Evolution Approach Human societies undergo process of change characterized by dominant pattern known as sociocultural evolution Society’s level of technology is critical Technology: “Cultural information about the ways in which the material resources of the environment may be used to satisfy human needs and desires” (Nolan and Lenski 2006:361)
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Lenski’s Sociocultural Evolution Approach
Module 17 Lenski’s Sociocultural Evolution Approach Preindustrial Societies Hunting-and-gathering society: (Early humanity) People rely on whatever foods and fibers are readily available Horticultural societies: (About 12,000 years ago) People plant seeds and crops Agrarian societies: (About 5,000 years ago) People are primarily engaged in production of food
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Lenski’s Sociocultural Evolution Approach
Module 17 Lenski’s Sociocultural Evolution Approach Industrial societies: (Beginning 1760) People depend on mechanization to produce goods and services People rely on inventions and energy sources People change function of family as a self-sufficient unit
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Lenski’s Sociocultural Evolution Approach
Module 17 Lenski’s Sociocultural Evolution Approach Postindustrial and Postmodern Societies Postindustrial society: (Beginning 1960) Economic system engaged primarily in processing and controlling information Postmodern society: (Beginning late 1970) Technologically sophisticated society preoccupied with consumer goods and media images
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Social Institutions in Industrial and Postindustrial Societies
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Consequences of Animal Domestication and Plant Cultivation
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Changes in Social Order
What Holds Society Together? Mechanical and Organic Solidarity Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft It is continuously evolving as it responds to changing values How Relevant Today? © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Microsociological Perspective: Social Interaction in Everyday Life
Stereotypes in Everyday Life Personal Space Eye Contact Smiling Body Language Applied Body Language © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Microsociological Perspective: Social Interaction in Everyday Life
Stereotypes in Everyday Life Personal Space Intimate Distance Personal Distance Social Distance Public Distance © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Dramaturgy: The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life
Erving Goffman Stages Role Performance, Conflict, and Strain Teamwork Applying Impression Management © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Ethnomethodology: Uncovering Background Assumptions
The Study of How People Do Things Harold Garfinkle’s Experiments Conducted exercises to reveal our background assumptions Most of these assumptions are unstated © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Social Construction of Reality
Definition of the Situation - Thomas Theorem Objective Reality vs. Subjective Interpretation Gynecological Examinations © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Need for Macrosociology and Microsociology
Understanding Incomplete Without Both Consider the Example of Groups Studied by William Chambliss Opportunities open or close to people depending on their social class And how people learn different goals as they grow up in different groups © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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