1. Multinational Organizations

2. United Nations Established in 1945 Established in 1945 The purpose of the United Nations is to bring all nations of the world together to work for peace and development, based on the principles of justice, human dignity and the well-being of all people. It affords the opportunity for countries to balance global interdependence and national interests when addressing international problems. The purpose of the United Nations is to bring all nations of the world together to work for peace and development, based on the principles of justice, human dignity and the well-being of all people. It affords the opportunity for countries to balance global interdependence and national interests when addressing international problems.

3. There are currently 192 Members of the United Nations There are currently 192 Members of the United Nations They meet in the General Assembly They meet in the General Assembly which is the closest thing to a world parliament. which is the closest thing to a world parliament. Each country, large or small, rich or poor, has a single vote, Each country, large or small, rich or poor, has a single vote, none of the decisions taken by the Assembly are binding. none of the decisions taken by the Assembly are binding. However, the Assembly's decisions become resolutions that carry the weight of world governmental opinion. However, the Assembly's decisions become resolutions that carry the weight of world governmental opinion.

4. The Principles of the United Nations: All Member States have sovereign equality. All Member States have sovereign equality. All Member States must obey the Charter. All Member States must obey the Charter. Countries must try to settle their differences by peaceful means. Countries must try to settle their differences by peaceful means. Countries must avoid using force or threatening to use force. Countries must avoid using force or threatening to use force. The UN may not interfere in the domestic affairs of any country. The UN may not interfere in the domestic affairs of any country. Countries should try to assist the United Nations. Countries should try to assist the United Nations.

5. . The UN is not an independent, homogeneous organization;. The UN is not an independent, homogeneous organization; it is made up of sovereign states, so actions by the UN depend on the will of Member States, to accept, fund or carry them out. it is made up of sovereign states, so actions by the UN depend on the will of Member States, to accept, fund or carry them out. Especially in matters of peace-keeping and international politics, it requires a complex, often slow, process of consensus-building that must take into account national sovereignty as well as global needs. Especially in matters of peace-keeping and international politics, it requires a complex, often slow, process of consensus-building that must take into account national sovereignty as well as global needs.

6. The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) The Council seated five permanent members who were originally drawn from the victorious powers after World War II: The Council seated five permanent members who were originally drawn from the victorious powers after World War II: France France China China Russia Russia England England USA USA

7. Ten other members are elected by the General Assembly for two-year terms starting on with five replaced each year. Ten other members are elected by the General Assembly for two-year terms starting on with five replaced each year. The members are chosen by regional groups and confirmed by the United Nations General Assembly. The members are chosen by regional groups and confirmed by the United Nations General Assembly. The African bloc chooses three members; The African bloc chooses three members; the Latin America and the Caribbean, Asian, and Western European and Others blocs choose two members each; the Latin America and the Caribbean, Asian, and Western European and Others blocs choose two members each; the Eastern European bloc chooses one member. Also, one of these members is an Arab country, alternately from the Asian or African bloc. the Eastern European bloc chooses one member. Also, one of these members is an Arab country, alternately from the Asian or African bloc.

8. Veto power Security Council decisions on all substantive matters require the affirmative votes of nine members. A negative vote, or veto, by a permanent member prevents adoption of a proposal, even if it has received the required number of affirmative votes. Abstention is not regarded as a veto Security Council decisions on all substantive matters require the affirmative votes of nine members. A negative vote, or veto, by a permanent member prevents adoption of a proposal, even if it has received the required number of affirmative votes. Abstention is not regarded as a vetoveto

9. Role of the Security Council the Security Council "may investigate any dispute, or any situation which might lead to international friction or give rise to a dispute". The Council may "recommend appropriate procedures or methods of adjustment" if it determines that the situation might endanger international peace and security. These recommendations are not binding on UN members. the Security Council "may investigate any dispute, or any situation which might lead to international friction or give rise to a dispute". The Council may "recommend appropriate procedures or methods of adjustment" if it determines that the situation might endanger international peace and security. These recommendations are not binding on UN members.

10. the Council has broader power to decide what measures are to be taken in situations involving "threats to the peace, breaches of the peace, or acts of aggression". In such situations, the Council is not limited to recommendations but may take action, including the use of armed force "to maintain or restore international peace and security". This was the basis for UN armed action in Korea in 1950 during the Korean War and the use of coalition forces in Iraq and Kuwait in 1991. the Council has broader power to decide what measures are to be taken in situations involving "threats to the peace, breaches of the peace, or acts of aggression". In such situations, the Council is not limited to recommendations but may take action, including the use of armed force "to maintain or restore international peace and security". This was the basis for UN armed action in Korea in 1950 during the Korean War and the use of coalition forces in Iraq and Kuwait in 1991.

11. Security Council has the power to Investigate any situation threatening international peace; Investigate any situation threatening international peace; Recommend procedures for peaceful resolution of a dispute; Recommend procedures for peaceful resolution of a dispute; Call upon other member nations to completely or partially interrupt economic relations as well as sea, air, postal, and radio communications, or to sever diplomatic relations; and Call upon other member nations to completely or partially interrupt economic relations as well as sea, air, postal, and radio communications, or to sever diplomatic relations; and Enforce its decisions militarily, or by any means necessary. Enforce its decisions militarily, or by any means necessary.

12. Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) group of twelve states made up of: group of twelve states made up of: Iran Iran Iraq Iraq Kuwait, Kuwait, Qatar Qatar Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia the United Arab Emirates, the United Arab Emirates, Libya Algeria Nigeria Angola Venezuela Ecuador

13. goal is the determination of the best means for safeguarding their interests, individually and collectively; devising ways and means of ensuring the stabilization of prices in international oil markets goal is the determination of the best means for safeguarding their interests, individually and collectively; devising ways and means of ensuring the stabilization of prices in international oil marketsoil marketsoil markets

14. The World Trade Organization... Designed to supervise and promote free trade Designed to supervise and promote free trade Deals with the rules of trade between nations Deals with the rules of trade between nations The WTO has 153 members, which represents more then 95% of total world trade The WTO has 153 members, which represents more then 95% of total world trade The WTO is governed by a Ministerial Conference, which meets every two years; a General Council, which implements the conference's policy decisions and is responsible for day-to-day administration; and a director-general, who is appointed by the Ministerial Conference. The WTO is governed by a Ministerial Conference, which meets every two years; a General Council, which implements the conference's policy decisions and is responsible for day-to-day administration; and a director-general, who is appointed by the Ministerial Conference.

15. The WTO's predecessor, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), was established after World War II in the wake of other new multilateral institutions dedicated to international economic cooperation - notably the Bretton Woods institutions known as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. The WTO's predecessor, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), was established after World War II in the wake of other new multilateral institutions dedicated to international economic cooperation - notably the Bretton Woods institutions known as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund.World War IIBretton Woods institutions World BankInternational Monetary FundWorld War IIBretton Woods institutions World BankInternational Monetary Fund

16. Criticism The stated aim of the WTO is to promote free trade and stimulate economic growth. Some people argue that free trade leads to a divergence instead of convergence of income levels within rich and poor countries (the rich get richer and the poor get poorer).[ The stated aim of the WTO is to promote free trade and stimulate economic growth. Some people argue that free trade leads to a divergence instead of convergence of income levels within rich and poor countries (the rich get richer and the poor get poorer).[free trade[free trade[ Other critics claim that the issues of labor relations and environment are steadfastly ignored Other critics claim that the issues of labor relations and environment are steadfastly ignoredlabor relationsenvironmentlabor relationsenvironment

17. World Bank The World Bank was established in 1945, following the ratification of the Bretton Woods agreement The World Bank was established in 1945, following the ratification of the Bretton Woods agreement Its an internationally supported bank that provides financial and technical assistance to developing countries for development programs (e.g. bridges, roads, schools, etc.) with the stated goal of reducing poverty. Its an internationally supported bank that provides financial and technical assistance to developing countries for development programs (e.g. bridges, roads, schools, etc.) with the stated goal of reducing poverty.

18. . There are some criticisms of the results of the World Bank's "development schemes" leading to corruption and widespread exploitation of the corporations who are given monopolies of developing nations' resources.. There are some criticisms of the results of the World Bank's "development schemes" leading to corruption and widespread exploitation of the corporations who are given monopolies of developing nations' resources.

19. The Bank’s mission is to aid developing countries and their inhabitants achieve development and the reduction of poverty, The Bank’s mission is to aid developing countries and their inhabitants achieve development and the reduction of poverty,developing countriesdeveloping countries

20. World Bank sees the five key factors necessary for economic growth and the creation of an enabling business environment as Build capacity – Strengthening governments and educating government officials Build capacity – Strengthening governments and educating government officials Infrastructure creation – implementation of legal and judicial systems for the encouragement of business, the protection of individual and property rights and the honoring of contracts Infrastructure creation – implementation of legal and judicial systems for the encouragement of business, the protection of individual and property rights and the honoring of contracts Development of Financial Systems – the establishment of strong systems capable of supporting endeavors from micro credit to the financing of larger corporate ventures Development of Financial Systems – the establishment of strong systems capable of supporting endeavors from micro credit to the financing of larger corporate ventures micro credit micro credit

21. Combating corruption – Support for countries' efforts at eradicating corruption Combating corruption – Support for countries' efforts at eradicating corruptioncorruption Research, Consultancy and Training - the World Bank provides platform for research on development issues, consultancy and conduct training programs (web based, on line, video/tele conferencing and class room based) open for those who are interested from academia, students, government and non- governmental organization (NGO) officers etc. Research, Consultancy and Training - the World Bank provides platform for research on development issues, consultancy and conduct training programs (web based, on line, video/tele conferencing and class room based) open for those who are interested from academia, students, government and non- governmental organization (NGO) officers etc.non- governmental organizationnon- governmental organization