1. Chapter 1. Turfgrass Scienc e

2. 1. Introduction 1-1. Definitions Turfgrass : Plants that form a more or less contiguous ground cover that persists under regular mowing and traffic. Basic requirements for turfgrass ① Plants to maintain acceptable quality under continuous mowing ② Plants to stand regular traffic ③ Plants to grow low

3. Turfgrass Quality : Visual quality and Functional q uality Visual quality - density, texture, uniformity, color, growth habit and smoothness Functional quality - rigidity, elasticity, resiliency, yield, verdure, rooting, recuperative capacity

4. Turf : An interconnecting community of turfgrasses and the soil adhering to their roots and other belowground organs from a turf. Lawn : Turfgrass field in a landscape Lawn turf, Sports turf, Utility turf Sod : Surface layer of a turf harvested for transplanting

5. 1-2. Function of turf - Decorative : Home landscape, parks, street etc - Functional : Soil stabilization Recreational activities and relaxation Sports Environment Protection : temperature control, toxic materials control, dust and noise control, drainage control, CO2 control, O2 production, etc

6. 1-3. Related industries and Career opportunities ① Ground superintendent : golf course, athletic facility, recreational facility, institutional facility, government facility, transportation facility, business facility, residential complexes etc ② Manufacturing/Sales representative : Equipment, Fertilizers, Pesticides, Seed, Sod and propagule, miscellaneous

7. ③ Professional-service contractor : Consulting, testing, design, lawn care, landscaping, construction ④ Technical writer : trade magazines, technical journals, newsletters, commercial reports ⑤ Scientist/educator : academic institutions, industrial-research operations

8. 2. Climatic adaptation of Turfgrass Family : Gramineae or Poaceae 6 Subfamilies 25 Tribes 600 Genera 7500 species

9. Subfamilies of turfgrass species Festucoideae - Cool season grasses Optimum temperature range : 15 - 23 C Panicoideae Warm season grasses Eragrostoideae Optimum temperature range : 27 - 32 C

10. Climate Zones Tropical : Frost free belt between 20 north and south latitudes Subtropical : Minimum of 8 month over 10 C Temperate : 4 - 7 month over 10 C Temperate oceanic and Temperate continental Transition zone - mostly Temperate continental Subarctic Polar Dry : Arid and Semiarid

11. Adaptation of turfgrass species Cool-season turfgrasses : mainly to temperate and subarctic Warm-season turfgrasses : mainly to tropical and subtropical Boarder zone(about 300 km) : transition zone - Zoysiagrass and Tall fescue

12. 3. History of turfgrass science Evolution of grass species adapted to grazing by animals and cattle Modern turfgrass management begins with 1. 2,4-D and DDT development - 1945 2. New cultivars ; 'Merion' Kentucky bluegrass - 1947 3. Development of Core aerifier - Mid 1940s 4. Many turfgrass species and cultivars Scientific turf management techniques Automatic equipment development Specific pesticides

13. 4. The grass plants 4-1. Diagram of the grass plant

14. -growth habbit

15. 4-2. leaf morphology - leaf sheath and leaf blade - ligule : A membranous or hairy structure at the junction of the blade and the sheath on the inner side, varying in size and shape

16. - collar : A light green or whitish band at the opposite side of the ligule

17. - auricle : Two clawlike appendages at the base of leaf blade

18. - vernation : The shape of new emerging leaf, folded or rolled

19. 4-2. stems - tiller, stolon and rhyzome - flowering culm

20. 4-3. inflorescence - spike, panicle and raceme