1. The Challenge of Democracy in Africa
Chapter 19, Section 2

2. Colonization
Colonization or imperialism began in the 1400s and again in 1800s
Starting in 1800s, Africa was colonized by many European countries
These European countries included: Britain, France, Germany, Netherlands, Spain, Italy, Belgium, and Portugal

3. Decolonization
After World War II in 1945, many nations wanted independence and put “pressure” on colonial powers from Europe, America, and Japan to leave their country
“Pressure” = had wars for independence or practiced nonviolent civil disobedience
Colonized nations were located in Latin America, Asia, and Europe
Decolonization: freeing a nation that has been colonized by a colonial power (Europe, America, or Japan)
The decolonization of Africa followed WWII

4. Negative impact of Colonial Rule
After decolonization, many nations, including Africa, experienced problems or negative impact caused by colonization
The reason for Africa’s difficulties in building an independent nation has been the negative impact of colonial rule or colonization

5. Negative impact of Colonial Rule (cont.)
Negative impact included European colonialists:
Not educating the Africans
Establishing colonial boundaries, but ignoring existing ethnic and cultural divisions
CLAN WARFARE- rival clans or tribes fight for control causing gov’t instability
Assimilating the Africans
Taking away their culture, language, and nation identities
Building plantations and mines for their benefit and not the Africans

7. Clan Warfare Example: RWANDA
Two groups- the Hutu (majority) conquered people w/different ethnicities & Tutsi (minority) rulers
1885- Root cause of rivalry- Dutch place Tutsi in charge of colony (because their of lighter skin)
1962- Hutu gained power. Kill 20K Tutsi & 200K became refugees

8. RPF- Rwanda Patriotic Front formed ’85 from Tutsi refugees
1990- RPF invaded Rwanda starting civil war
Rwanda gov’t under Hutu control felt threatened. Ethnic tension
1993- civil war ends
1994- Hutu prepare & plan the killing of Tutsis

9. April 1994- Rwandan president’s plane shot down
Tutsis blamed
April 6-mid July- 500K Tutsi & 1000s Hutu sympathizers killed (est. 800K to 1 Million dead)
Many killed by machete
RPF attack Hutu gov’t & won

12. Nation Building in Africa
Nation building: building or structuring of state or national identity
Nation building that occurred in African states following their independence from Europe was difficult BECAUSE individual states had to struggle with economic problems, cultural differences, and the movement toward political stability

13. Nation Building Example: Nigeria
After the Nigerian government ended a war with the Biafra, the country laid down their guns and went back to the business of living
This included growing a healthy state or nation building

15. Military Rule in Africa
Political stability was especially difficult
Many African nations were established as some form of republic under presidential rule HOWEVER actual control of many of these countries was exercised by the MILITARY RULE

16. African Nations = Developing Nations
Due to economic problems or hardship, many countries in Africa are called developing countries
Developing country: a farming nation with little technology

17. AIDS: An African Epidemic
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) poses a challenge to many contemporary countries in Africa
Originated in Africa around 1940
Became an issue in 1980s
A mutated form of SIV, a disease found in chimps
Different theories of its origin- Hunters, Oral Polio Vaccine, Colonialism, Conspiracy
AIDS epidemic million deaths in Africa % of Sub-Saharan African population HIV+

19. South Africa & the National Party
The National Party or Nats ruled over Africa since 1914
The Nats were all white men
When Africa was decolonized by the British, the Nats and other white people who ruled over South Africa
White Africans- 25% of the population & had the best land
Black Africans- 75% of the population & have 13% of the land

20. South Africa & Apartheid
Apartheid was developed after WWII by the National Party
Apartheid: a racially divisive policy; complete separation of races
Very similar to the United States idea of segregation
Whites use and have the best facilities while blacks are forced to use other worse facilities
Blacks treated worse than whites

22. Other Nations look Down on Apartheid
Many nations restricted trade with South Africa because of apartheid
South Africa was not allowed to be in Olympics since 1960s

23. Leaders & Groups fight to end Apartheid
Desmond Tutu- led non-violent economic campaign to fight apartheid
African National Congress (ANC) was formed to fight for black Africans’ rights in South Africa
Government tried to shut down ANC and threw the ANC leader, Nelson Mandela, in jail
Mandela would stay in jail for 27 years

24. Desmond Tutu

25. F.W. de Klerk brings Change
South Africa began moving toward significant political reform and nation building under president F.W. de Klerk
As his first step as newly elected president, Klerk released Mandela from jail
De Klerk hoped to end apartheid in his country with Mandela’s help

26. F.W. de Klerk

27. Mandela- South Africa’s 1st Elected President
st elections held in which black South Africans could vote. Mandela elected president.
1996- a new, more democratic constitution passed
Gave rights to all citizens
Forbids discrimination
Gave right to travel, housing, education & health care to blacks and whites

28. Nelson Mandela