1. Sub-Saharan Africa

2.  In the 19 th century, Europe’s industrial nations became interested in Africa’s raw materials  The European nations wanted to colonize and control parts of Africa to obtain those resources Why Africa?

4.  Europeans did not want to fight over Africa  To prevent a war, the European nations convened the Berlin Conference  The Berlin Conference met in 1884-1885 to lay down rules for dividing Africa  Decision: Any European country could claim land in Africa by telling other nations of their claims and showing they could control the area Scramble for Africa

6.  No African ruler was invited to attend this conference, even though it concerned Africa’s land and people  European nations divided Africa without regard to where African ethnic or linguistic groups lived  They set boundaries that combined people who were traditional enemies and divided others who were not  Europe’s division of Africa is often cited as one of the root causes of the political violence and ethnic conflicts in Africa in the 20 th century Problems with the Conference

8.  During colonial times, the European nations used the money from the resources and sent it to themselves rather than benefitting the African colonies  European nations also exploited many of the resources for many countries in Africa, leaving the future economies to suffer Colonial Problems

9.  After colonization ended, new African governments in the 1960s were then forced to govern a diverse population  Inexperienced leaders were often corrupt and abused their power  The Europeans did not prepare the African nations for independence, which led to the political and cultural turmoil Independence and Problems

11. Video http://www.teachertube.com/viewVideo.php? video_id=93276&title=South_Africa&ref

12.  In 1948, the White minority government of South Africa issued a policy of apartheid – complete separation of races  Apartheid banned social contact between Blacks and Whites  Established segregated schools, hospitals, and neighborhoods  Blacks made up 75% of the population, but they received only a small percentage of the land – best land was for Whites South Africa

14.  ANC – African National Congress  Established in 1912 to fight for the rights of Blacks  In 1949, Nelson Mandela emerged as a leader of the ANC as he fought to end apartheid  He was thrown into prison for 28 years ANC and Nelson Mandela

15. “He consistently refused to compromise his political position to obtain his freedom.”

16.  By the 1980s, nations around the world – including the U.S. – pressured South Africa to end apartheid  In 1989, F.W. de Klerk became the president and ended apartheid  He also released Nelson Mandela from prison, and in 1994, Mandela became president of South Africa End to Apartheid

17.  Follow the directions on the sheet for how to correctly label and color the map  Then answer the following questions: 1. What was the decision in the Berlin Conference? 2. What were the problems with the Berlin Conference? 3. What was apartheid? 4. Who was Nelson Mandela and what happened to him? 5. Who ended apartheid and what happened in 1994? Colonial Map