1. Technical workshop on emissions from aviation and maritime transport ICAO activities in the field of emissions of GHGs from aviation Oslo, 4 October 2007 Jane Hupe, Chief Environmental Unit

2. Technical workshop on emissions from aviation and maritime transport I nternational C ivil A viation O rganization Specialized Agency of the United Nations Created in 1944 by the Convention on International Civil Membership: 190 Contracting States Env. Objective GHG: Aviation (Chicago Convention) to limit or reduce the impact of aviation greenhouse gas emissions on global climate" Environmental Protection is one of ICAOs Strategic Objectives

3. Technical workshop on emissions from aviation and maritime transport Air Transport Committee Air Transport Committee ICAO Assembly Council Air Navigation Commission Air Navigation Commission Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection

4. Technical workshop on emissions from aviation and maritime transport 36th Session of the ICAO Assembly (18 to 28 Sept 2007) - 1488 delegates registered - 179 Delegations - 44 Observer Organizations New Consolidated statement of continuing ICAO policies and practices related to environmental protection

5. Technical workshop on emissions from aviation and maritime transport ICAO Policy Options to Reduce Emissions Technology and Standards Operational Measures Market-based Measures: Emissions charges Emissions charges Emissions trading Emissions trading Voluntary measures Voluntary measures

6. Technical workshop on emissions from aviation and maritime transport Montreal, 5 to 16 February 2007

7. Technical workshop on emissions from aviation and maritime transport Technology and Standards Emissions database available from ICAO website Emissions standards: NO x, HC, CO and smoke number

8. Technical workshop on emissions from aviation and maritime transport NOx Standars NO x Standard was first adopted in 1981 then made more stringent in 1993, when ICAO reduced the permitted levels by 20% for newly certificated engines and again in 1998 by about 16%, on average for engines newly certificated from 31 December 2003 The latest NOx Standards adopted in November 2005 and apply to engines manufactured after 31 December 2007

9. Technical workshop on emissions from aviation and maritime transport Long and medium term goals - 10 and 20 years 45% (2016) and 60% (2026) below CAEP/6 45% (2016) and 60% (2026) below CAEP/6 Report available on line Progress towards goals to be monitored Goal-setting process will now be applied to: Noise Noise Fuel burn (technology and operations) Fuel burn (technology and operations) Long-term Technology Goals for NOx – CAEP/7

10. Technical workshop on emissions from aviation and maritime transport Other CAEP/7 deliverables New guidelines (future ETM) New Airport Air Quality Guidance Manual

11. Technical workshop on emissions from aviation and maritime transport Operational Measures Emissions savings can come from improvements in air traffic management (ATM) and other operational procedures Most important fuel saving opportunities come from the implementation of CNS/ATM systems - more direct routings and the use of more efficient conditions such as optimum altitude and speed CO 2 emissions are directly proportional to fuel burn Optimize fuel consumption = reduced emissions 1 tonne of fuel is equivalent to 3.16 tonnes of CO 2

12. Technical workshop on emissions from aviation and maritime transport Operational Measures (Contd) Opportunities for fuel conservation – ICAO Circular 303 Reduce weight (fuel reserves; airplane loading) Reduce weight (fuel reserves; airplane loading) Route selection Route selection Altitude selection Altitude selection Speed selection Speed selection Flap selection Flap selection CAEP/7 - New ICAO Circular on noise and emission effects from NADPs

13. Technical workshop on emissions from aviation and maritime transport Types of Market Based Measures considered by ICAO Voluntary Measures government and other entity agree to take specified actions or meet specified goals government and other entity agree to take specified actions or meet specified goals Emissions Charges a charge on the amount of emissions a charge on the amount of emissions revenues used to mitigate the environmental impact of engine emissions revenues used to mitigate the environmental impact of engine emissions Emissions Trading the total amount of emissions would be capped the total amount of emissions would be capped allowances in the form of permits could be bought and sold to meet emission reduction objectives allowances in the form of permits could be bought and sold to meet emission reduction objectives open trading allows trading across sectors open trading allows trading across sectors

14. Technical workshop on emissions from aviation and maritime transport New report on Voluntary Emissions Trading for Aviations New Draft Emissions Trading Guidance New Local Air Quality Emission Charges Guidance Changes to the ICAO Policy on Charges for Airports and Air Navigation Services New report on Voluntary Emissions Trading for Aviations New Draft Emissions Trading Guidance New Local Air Quality Emission Charges Guidance Changes to the ICAO Policy on Charges for Airports and Air Navigation Services Results on Market Based measures from CAEP/7

15. Technical workshop on emissions from aviation and maritime transport Guidance on emissions trading New area Living document Living document Focus on aviation-specific issues Aircraft are mobile sources Aircraft are mobile sources International civil aircraft operations only Not State aircraft - no customs and police services Not State aircraft - no customs and police services Identifies options, pros and cons and offers potential solutions where possible Published in September 2007

16. Technical workshop on emissions from aviation and maritime transport Montreal, 18 to 28 September 2007

17. Technical workshop on emissions from aviation and maritime transport Emissions Work Programme resulting from A36 Regularly assess the impact of aviation emissions and develop the appropriate guidance and tools for that purpose; Collect, monitor and disseminate data on the contribution of aviation emissions to local air quality and climate change; Develop appropriate indicators, and parameters to measure performance;

18. Technical workshop on emissions from aviation and maritime transport Emissions Work Programme resulting from A36 (Contd) develop appropriate policies, guidance and measures to minimize aviation emissions under: technology (SARPs and goals); technology (SARPs and goals); new operational procedures, including air traffic planning and management; and new operational procedures, including air traffic planning and management; and economic instruments including open emissions trading, voluntary measures, local air quality charges economic instruments including open emissions trading, voluntary measures, local air quality charges Other: carbon-offsets, CDMs Other: carbon-offsets, CDMs

19. Technical workshop on emissions from aviation and maritime transport Emissions Work Programme resulting from A36 (Contd) actively cooperate with scientific and UN bodies, notably the IPCC and the UNFCCC Develop policy options to reduce the environmental impact of aircraft engine emissions and concrete proposals and provide advice to the UNFCCC

20. Technical workshop on emissions from aviation and maritime transport Programme of action on International Aviation and Climate change Group on International Aviation and Climate Change Senior Government Officials Aggressive Program of Action Implementation Framework: strategies and measures that States can use to achieve emissions reductions Voluntary measures Effective dissemination of technology More efficient operational measures Improvements in air traffic management Positive economic incentives Market-based measures

21. Technical workshop on emissions from aviation and maritime transport Programme of action on International Aviation and Climate change Means to measure progress Aspirational goals in the form of fuel- efficiency Contracting States to report on actions implemented Convene high-level meeting to review

22. Technical workshop on emissions from aviation and maritime transport Data Activities SBSTA/10 – IPCC Special Report on Aviation and the Global Atmosphere (requested by ICAO) SBSTA/11– Requested ICAOs assistance on emissions data SBSTA/11 – Requested ICAOs assistance on emissions data SBSTA/15 - Invited ICAO and UNFCCC to explore opportunities to examine and improve data reporting quality and comparability under provisions of Convention and Kyoto Protocol and under ICAO ICAO organized 2 expert meetings aimed at increasing the quality of data for aviation-related emissions with participation from UNFCCC and IPCC SBSTA/10 – IPCC Special Report on Aviation and the Global Atmosphere (requested by ICAO) SBSTA/11– Requested ICAOs assistance on emissions data SBSTA/11 – Requested ICAOs assistance on emissions data SBSTA/15 - Invited ICAO and UNFCCC to explore opportunities to examine and improve data reporting quality and comparability under provisions of Convention and Kyoto Protocol and under ICAO ICAO organized 2 expert meetings aimed at increasing the quality of data for aviation-related emissions with participation from UNFCCC and IPCC

23. Technical workshop on emissions from aviation and maritime transport SBSTA/18 & 19 - requested ICAO to provide modeled fuel consumption and emissions data arising from the use of validated aviation models SBSTA/20 - A side event on aviation emissions was organized by ICAO SBSTA/22 - Preliminary results of the comparison of aviation emissions inventory data with the modeled data were presented to SBSTA/22. Since then, no further progress was achieved in SBSTA on this item SBSTA/26 - Deferred consideration to SBSTA/27 SBSTA/18 & 19 - requested ICAO to provide modeled fuel consumption and emissions data arising from the use of validated aviation models SBSTA/20 - A side event on aviation emissions was organized by ICAO SBSTA/22 - Preliminary results of the comparison of aviation emissions inventory data with the modeled data were presented to SBSTA/22. Since then, no further progress was achieved in SBSTA on this item SBSTA/26 - Deferred consideration to SBSTA/27 Data Activities (Contd)

24. Technical workshop on emissions from aviation and maritime transport ICAO modelling activities ICAO is currently evaluating several models to estimate aviation emissions, among which: AERO2K (European Union) AERO2K (European Union) SAGE (US FAA) SAGE (US FAA) AEM (Eurocontrol) AEM (Eurocontrol) FAST ( FAST (UK) ICAO and member States are in the process of improving these models in order to achieve: better accuracy and more detailed results. better accuracy and more detailed results. RADAR DATA and other projects – Access to information

25. Technical workshop on emissions from aviation and maritime transport ICAO Fuel consumption estimates ICAO develops fuel consumption estimates by: City-pair City-pair Traffic flow Traffic flow Country of departure, arrival Country of departure, arrival Country of airline registration Country of airline registration International / domestic (definition) International / domestic (definition) Estimates based on airline schedules: Non-scheduled (charter) flights are not accounted for Non-scheduled (charter) flights are not accounted for Flight cancellations are not accounted for Flight cancellations are not accounted for Flights additions are not accounted for Flights additions are not accounted for

26. Technical workshop on emissions from aviation and maritime transport Fuel consumption estimates by country of departure for the year 2005 (sample) Country of departureFuel consumed (liters) AFGH49,886,891 ALBN25,926,277 ALGR124,704,700 AMSM605,025 ANGL64,515,851 ANGU756,655 ANTG64,212,064 ARGT782,414,661 ARMN76,469,997 ARUB106,721,260 ASTL3,366,213,105 AUST748,778,907 AZER221,065,013

27. Technical workshop on emissions from aviation and maritime transport NEXT STEPS ? Data quality improved? Interest on further development of ICAO data? By Country? On a per request basis? International aviation emissions data validation? Process? How best to report progress on international sectors? Global figures? Regional? How better cooperate and coordinate the evolution in ICAO and UNFCCC?

28. Technical workshop on emissions from aviation and maritime transport For more information www.icao.int/icao/env www.icao.int/icao/en/env/pubs/Env_Report_07.pdf Thank you!