1. The Classification of Plants
Plant Diversity
The Classification of Plants

2. PLANT CHARACTERISTICS
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PLANT CHARACTERISTICS
Multicellular eukaryotes
Photosynthetic autotrophs containing chloroplasts.
Non-mobile (fixed to one spot)
Cell walls made of cellulose
Responds to environment and grows through the use of hormones

3. Plants Make the The Move to Land
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Plants Make the The Move to Land
The ancestors of plants were multicellular green algae. They were completely immersed in water & dissolved minerals.
To move onto land, plants had to solve these problems:
How to get chemical resources (water, minerals, oxygen, and carbon dioxide) separated into air and soil
How to transport resources within the plant.
How to prevent from drying out
How to reproduce without water

4. Some Adaptations (solutions)-
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Some Adaptations (solutions)-
Have body parts extending into both air and soil
Develop a vascular system to transport resources in plant (xylem & phloem)
Have a protective layer – cuticle (waxy outer layer) to keep from drying out
Specialized structures for reproduction including spores & seeds that do not dry out

5. Plants are classified based on whether or not they have
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Plants are classified based on whether or not they have
Vascular System (transport)
Seeds
Flowers (enclosed seeds)

6. Plants Has NO Vascular Tissue Has Vascular Tissue Bryophytes
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Concept Map: Plants are divided 1st by whether or not they have a vascular system.
Plants
Has NO Vascular Tissue
Has Vascular Tissue
Bryophytes
Tracheophytes

7. Bryophytes -NONVASCULAR
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Most primitive plants
Found in moist, shady areas b/c no true roots
NO vascular (transport) system
Reproduces using spores
5. example: Mosses

8. Typical Moss Plant (most common bryophyte)
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Spores form inside the capsule.
Notice the problem of nutrient separation into air and soil is solved with underground and above ground parts. (Although NO TRUE roots, stems or leaves are present)

9. Tracheophytes -Vascular Plants-
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Contains two types of specialized vascular tissues for transport within the plant:
Xylem- transports H20 up from roots.
Phloem- transports food made during photosynthesis and nutrients to where they are needed in the plant.
Presence of a vascular system allowed plants to become tall.
Has specialized organs: roots, stems, and leaves.

10. Tracheophytes Seeded Seedless Ferns use spores
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Tracheophytes are divided into two groups by whether or not they reproduce with seeds.
Tracheophytes
Seeded
Seedless
Ferns use spores

11. There are 11,000 species of ferns.
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The Fern - a seedless vascular plant
There are 11,000 species of ferns.
Contain a vascular system.
Reproduce using spores, Not seeds.
Sori

12. Seed-Bearing Tracheophytes
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ADVANTAGE: Developed reproductive strategies that do not need water:
Seed contains
A fully developed embryo
Food supply for embryo
A water-proof seed coat to keep from drying out
Sperm transferred in water-proof pollen through pollination by wind or animals.
Developed seed-bearing structures: Cones and Flowers

13. Tracheophytes Seeded Seedless
The two Seeded Tracheophyte groups are divided by whether or not they have enclosed seeds -protected inside a fruit or if seeds are exposed to the environment.
Tracheophytes
Seeded
Seedless
Ferns use spores
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
“naked” or exposed seeds
Flowers produce fruit w/ enclosed seeds

14. Gymnosperms- “naked seed”
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Ginkgo,
Conifer (pine, spruce, firs, cedars, sequoias, redwoods, junipers, yews, & cypress trees)
Sago Palm
Ginkgo
Ginkgo

15. Gymnosperms-Conifers
Sequoia
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Gymnosperms-Conifers
Most common gymnosperms are Conifers
Conifers have leaves called needles or scales (have a reduced surface area and thick waxy coat on the needle to reduce water loss and prevents freezing.)
Juniper
Pine

16. Angiosperms- “enclosed seeds”
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These are flowering plants the encourage direct and efficient pollen transfer (smell, color and offering nectar)
Flowers contain ovaries, which is where eggs/seeds are produced.
A fruit is the pollinated ovary containing mature seeds.

17. Fruit can aid in dispersal of seed to reduce competition with parent plant.
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Winged fruit – glides to new location (maple fruit)
Floating fruit – can float to new locations (coconut)
Fleshy fruit - sweet bright colored fruit have seeds that survive the digestive system of animals that eat the fruit (apple)
Spiny fruit- Velcro like projections attach to the fur of animals (cockleburs)
Maple seeds: Winged fruit
Burdock: Spiny fruit

18. Flower Anatomy http://vimeo.com/1594037?pg=embed&sec=1594037
Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test

19. Fill in Your Flower! stigma anther style stamen carpel filament ovary
ovule
petal
sepal
receptacle
peduncle
Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test

20. Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma
This is an example of cross-pollination as the pollen travels from one flower to a different flower. This is desirable in plants as it promotes variation.
Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test

21. Self-pollination occurs when pollen falls from the anther onto the stigma of the same flower
Self-pollination is not desirable as it reduces variation
Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test

22. Flowers will prevent self-pollination by either having stigma above stamen or…
Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test

23. …by having stamen and stigma mature at different times.
Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test

24. Once pollination occurs a tube grows from the pollen grain down through the style to the ovule
stigma
style
carpel
Note: Petals not shown in order to simplify diagram
ovary
ovule
Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test

25. Fertilisation occurs when the male gamete fuses with the ovule (the female gamete)
Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test

26. Angiosperms can be categorized as monocots and dicots.

28. After fertilisation the petals, stamen and sepals fall off.
The ovule turns into a seed, the fertilised egg inside develops into an embryo plant.
Cotyledon:
Food store
Testa:
tough seed coat
Plumule:
Embryo shoot
Micropyle:
Hole made by pollen tube
Embryo
plant
Radicle: Embryo root
Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test

29. Water leaves the seed, it dehydrates and becomes dormant because metabolic reactions stop. The ovary develops to become a fruit.
Fleshy wall
of the ovary
(yes, you are eating an adapted ovary when you
crunch into an apple!
seed
Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test

30. Quiz Time What did plants have to overcome to live on land?
What is the most primitive division of plants because they have no vascular system?
What is the most common example in this division and how do they reproduce?
Why are mosses so small?
What is the division of plants that contain a vascular system?
What did a vascular system do for plants size-wise?
How are mosses and ferns different?
How are mosses and ferns alike?

31. Quiz Time How are Tracheophytes different from bryophytes?
How are tracheophytes divided?
What are the advantages of seeds over spores?
What other advantages did seed-bearing plants have over spore-bearing plants?
What are the two divisions of the seed-bearing tracheophytes?

32. Quiz Time What does the term Gymnosperm mean?
What are the most common of the Gymnosperms?
What is the evolutionary importance of needles?
What structures do conifers use to reproduce?
Were are seeds located in the cone?
Even though wind-dispersal of pollen is inefficient, what did it allow plants to overcome?