1. EARLY INDUSTRIAL EUROPE
Population: Sharp rise after France – 50% in 50 years; Britain and Prussia 100% in 50 years
Poverty: Especially France and Italy. 25% of the population of Bologna begged for a living
Enclosures (England)
Cottage industry and wage labor
Inventions and innovations: 1760s – steam engine; 1780s – puddling; use of coal/coke as fuel, development of railways (from 16 miles/hour in 1830 to 50 miles/hour in 1850).
Rise of factory system: Concerns of British labor, new values of punctuality and hard work, worker resistance, surge in production (cotton textile production in Britain tripled between
Conservatism in the early 19th century: Metternich and the Concert of Europe
Waning of mercantilism, rise of free trade philosophy
Deindustrialization in the colonies
Gustave Dore: London, 1872

2. MANCHESTER IN 1750

3. A new urban landscape
Manchester, Left: except the cathedral, all the buildings are industrial. Right: cotton warehouse

4. REDHILL STREET MILL, MANCHESTER
Commissioned in 1790 and constructed in 1818 as a spinning mill.
One writer, Alexis de Tocqueville, described Redhill Street Mill in 1835 as "...a place where some 1500 workers, labouring 69 hours a week, with an average wage of 11 shillings, and where three-quarters of the workers are women and children".
Eight storeys high, it was the tallest iron-framed building in the world in its day.
In 1865 the building was altered by the new owner, Sir William Fairbairn, to install larger automated spinning mules. By this time it was the biggest mill in the Manchester region.
Further buildings were added in 1868 and 1912 to cope with the demand for increased output.

5. Royal Exchange, Manchester

6. Industrial accidents, early 1800s

7. Boiler explosion

11. URBAN PROBLEMS: PUBLIC HEALTH & POVERTY Left: a London sewer
URBAN PROBLEMS: PUBLIC HEALTH & POVERTY Left: a London sewer. Centre: scavenger at sewer. Right: vagrants

12. Number
Weekly Wages
 MALES 1
1000 pounds per year
 Mill manager (also got 3 per cent of the profits) 26
15s-32s
 Overseers and clerks 6
17s-25s
 Mechanics and engine drivers 3
14s-21s
 Carpenters and blacksmiths
15s
 Lodge keeper 16
14s-15s
 Power loom machinery attendants and steamers 18
10s-15s
 Mill machinery attendants and loom cleaners 5
5s-12s
 Spindle cleaners, bobbin stampers and packers, messengers, sweepers -
7s-10s
 Watchmen
5s-10s
 Coachmen, grooms and van driver 38
2s-4s
 Winders
114
 Total Males
 FEMALES 4
10s-11s
 Gauze examiners
9s-10s
 Female assistant overseers
 Warpers 9
 Twisters
6s-9s
 Wasters
589
5s-8s
 Weavers 2
6s-7s
 Plugwinders 83
4s-6s
 Drawers and doublers
188
899
 Total Females
1013
 GRAND TOTAL WORK FORCE
This is an 1860 chart of the workforce of the Courtauld Silk Mill, built in 1825 in Halstead, Essex (southeast England). Wages are in shillings.
Before the industrial revolution, Halstead was an agricultural community with a cottage industry producing woolen cloth.
In Halstead, as elsewhere in England, unemployment among depressed farming households and former wool workers forced people to find work outside the home. Because their labor was cheap, women more than men were recruited into the textile factories that sprang up all over Britain in the 19th century.

13. WORKING CLASS RESPONSE
Leeds Woollen Workers’ Petition, 1786
Luddites, early nineteenth century (myth of Ned Ludd)
Urban migration: Population of London by 1850: 2.4 million
Trade unions: Britain tried to outlaw workers’ organizations in Use of methods like strikes. Led to moderate reforms in 1832 (only 1/30 of population represented in Parliament; existence of laws like Poor Law, which forced people to find work)
Reforms: Edwin Chadwick’s report in 1842, more decisive reforms in Repeal of Corn Laws motivated by free trade philosophy rather than concern for poor.
Chartist movement (late 1830s to 1848): radical demands - universal male suffrage, remuneration for Members of Parliament, annual sessions of Parliament
Manifesto of the Communist Party: class struggle, role of the bourgeoisie, relations of production, global nature of industrial economy, overproduction, constantly expanding markets, alienation of labor, rise of proletariat, revolution, internationalism
Poster published in 1911

15. Producing the raw material of the first industrial revolution

16. Free trade? Or “drain of wealth”?
CHINA
Impoverishment
Addiction
Weakened army
Opium Wars; “unequal treaties
NORTH AMERICA
Tea, silk
Tea
Profits
BRITAIN
Tea, jute, indigo
Factory-made cloth
Private remittances
INDIA
Death of Indian textile industry; loss of employment
Indians forced to buy British goods—no investment or industrialization
Heavy taxes on even the poorest peasants
Famines, deaths
Profits
Indian taxpayers’ money
Tea
Profits
Factory-made cloth
Profits
EUROPE
LATIN AMERICA
Plantation economy
Import of manufactures

17. By 1851, Britain produced one half of the world’s coal and manufactured goods.
Britain’s cotton textile industry produced as much as that of all other European countries put together
Production of cotton textiles tripled between 1780 and 1850

18. THE GREAT EXHIBITION, LONDON, 1851
THE GREAT EXHIBITION, LONDON, 1851
On May 1, 1851, Queen Victoria opened the Great Exhibition of Works of Industry of All Nations in London's Hyde Park. The first world's industrial fair, the exhibition brought together the best manufactured products of 77 nations. The building in which it was held, nicknamed the "Crystal Palace," was itself a technological marvel of iron and glass devised by Joseph Paxton. More than six million people from many nations visited the exhibition during its five and a half-month run.