1. A Time of Change Chapter 29

2. The Youth Movement The Youth Movement was caused by a minority of the baby boom generation who had problems dealing with the gap between the society of previous generations and their own, leading to several radical groups on both sides: 1)New Left – Students for a Democratic Society and the Port Huron Statement (rejecting materialism, racism and promoting love, harmony), as well as Berkeley Free Speech Movement (protesting political actions – March Against Death against Vietnam for example) 2)New Right – Young Americans for Freedom has conservatives that denounce liberal movement and Great Society, support Vietnam (Barry Goldwater and Phyllis Schlafly)

3. Counterculture Movement The counterculture movement was in response to the conformity and doctrine of hard work and success in the 1950s, and led to: 1)Hippies – long hair, beards, used marijuana and LSD 2)Musical Revolution – folk music (Joan Baez, Bob Dylan), acid rock (Beatles), and rock festivals (Woodstock) acted as the center of the “peace, love, and harmony” movement, but it also attracted violence and murder (Charles Manson) 3)Sexual Revolution – society showed a greater openness for sex because of the pill, the Roe v. Wade decision (abortion), and more sexually explicit movies and plays 4)Gay Liberation – The Gay Liberation movement pushed for equal rights and acceptance for gays, but it mostly led to a conservative backlash and little real change for those groups

4. The Counterculture Revolutions Hippies at a Woodstock Festival The bus and the pill "We are a revolutionary group of men and women formed with the realization that complete sexual liberation for all people cannot come about unless existing social institutions are abolished. We reject society's attempt to impose sexual roles and definitions of our nature.“ - Gay Liberation Movement

5. Kent State and Jackson State In both cases, students were killed by national guard during protests against the Vietnam War The killings brought more sympathy to the youth movement and more students joined the cause, but elderly citizens criticized the youth for causing problems The frustrations of the movement at not being able to end the Vietnam War or change American society led to its decline and the rise of a new conservative era that promised to end radicalism and restore law and order

6. The Tet Offensive After Operation Rolling Thunder (bombing) and search and destroy missions by General Westmoreland, Americans thought they might be winning On the Eve of Tet, the Vietnamese New Year, North Vietnam launches a series of successful assaults on American troops Despite the US counterattack success, the event leads to questioning of success in Vietnam, questioning of Democratic leadership

7. The Democratic Primaries The impact of the Tet Offensive was felt by Johnson, who under pressure from public opinion promised to end the Vietnam War and push for peace He also declared that he would not seek a second full term, which threw the Democratic primary race up for grabs between three candidates: 1)Eugene McCarthy – antiwar senator leading the Democratic anti- war movement, but not popular among New Deal advocates and not a strong leader 2)Hubert Humphrey – VP to Johnson, pro-war advocate and well liked by New Dealers and people helped by Great Society 3)Robert Kennedy – antiwar advocate who had support from unions and was gaining more support from the New Deal coalition

8. Assassinations in 1968 Martin Luther King and the Aftermath and Robert Kennedy Martin Luther King’s assassination sparked further rioting in 1968 in the cities while the primaries continued, and Kennedy appeared to be the Democratic favorite after winning California, but his assassination (by an Arab nationalist) sparked a new wave of rioting within a section of the Democratic party when it became clear that Humphrey (a prowar candidate) would win the nomination

9. The Democratic National Convention in Chicago At the convention, Humphrey dominated the votes inside the convention center in Chicago, but the antiwar demonstrators dominated headlines outside the convention center by rioting in the streets The “police riot” that ensued was due to mayor Richard Daley’s use of a mass police force to scare away the protesters, but it just led to more violence and many connected disorder and division with Humphrey and the Democrats

10. Election of 1968 The election became a symbol of conservative resurgence in politics as people grew tired of the protests and violence in favor of the “law and order” rhetoric proposed by Richard Nixon (Republican) and George Wallace (Independent – self-announcement) Despite Humphrey’s strong Great Society coalition, the “silent majority” of Americans voted for Nixon, who also promised “peace with honor” in Vietnam

11. The Times They are a Changing Many songs were written in this time period (late 1960s) about the changing times for Americans Create a song with a chorus that discusses the changes in American politics and society and have 3 verses that discusses 3 different events within this time period

12. “Realpolitik” Henry Kissinger is the brains behind Nixon’s foreign policy Built around “realpolitik”, it made for practical, rather than moral, dealings with other nations Nixon’s Doctrine pledged to supply economic assistance to nations and have them do the fighting (in Vietnam this became known as “Vietnamization”)

13. Vietnamization Nixon said Vietnamization had two components. The first was "strengthening the armed force of the South Vietnamese in numbers, equipment, leadership and combat skills. The second component is the extension of the pacification program in South Vietnam.“ Nixon promised to bring “peace with honor” to Vietnam

14. Vietnam’s Unpopularity After the Tet Offensive the public opinion towards Vietnam shifted more negatively, and several events during Nixon’s Presidency made it even more unpopular: 1)My Lai Massacre – killing of innocent Vietnamese civilians 2)Kissinger’s statement of “peace is at hand” being false – negotiations broke down 3)Expansion of the war into Cambodia and Laos – unhappiness resulted in the War Powers Act (President must report to Congress 48 hours after military action is taken – limiting power)

15. Peace Accords and Withdrawal The Paris Peace Accords were finally signed by Nixon, ending the US involvement in the Vietnam War and letting the South Vietnamese fend for themselves

16. Détente with Communist Nations Nixon with Soviet leadersNixon meets with Mao Zedong Nixon used Détente with the Soviets and Chinese by: 1)Nixon’s Visit to China to negotiate with Mao Zedong 2)Agreements with the Soviets (reducing ABMs and SALT I – nuclear weapons)

17. Nixon’s “Shuttle Diplomacy” Shuttle Diplomacy was the use of planes and other transportation methods to go from nation to nation and make arrangements Nixon used “Shuttle Diplomacy” after his stance to support Israel during the Yom Kippur War (1973) made the Arab nations put on the US an OPEC Oil Embargo (stopping their shipments of oil) by: 1)Send Kissinger to fly to each Arab nation capital and negotiate terms with them to restore the selling of oil to the US 2)Negotiating a peace between Egypt and Israel, which kept down tensions in the area (though did not fully stop the problems)

18. Nixon’s “New Federalism” Nixon’s “New Federalism” was an attempt to scale back the role of the federal government in changing society and made it his goal to slow down the growth of the “Great Society” programs by: 1)Family Assistance Plan (Congress rejects it, but it would have reformed the welfare system and given less money to families) 2)Revenue Sharing (forcing much of the social program responsibility on state and local governments) Highlights in Nixon’s Presidency included: 1)Neil Armstrong’s Moon Walk 2)Success at stopping stagflation through wage and price freezes and Keynesian economics

19. Election of 1972 Nixon asked for votes from the “silent majority” and focused on a “southern strategy” by appointing conservative justices (Burger) to win over anti-civil rights southerners Nixon’s strategy worked and changed the dynamics of elections to come, and he easily defeated the liberal George McGovern (and George Wallace got shot, which removed him from contention)

20. Nixon’s Scandals Nixon used the FBI, CIA, and IRS to crack down on radical groups (and hired “plumbers” to take down those that opposed him) Nixon’s worries were intensified when the Pentagon Papers were leaked by Daniel Ellsberg, which revealed Nixon’s secrets and deceptions during the Vietnam War The event led Nixon to be even more paranoid, and soon it became discovered that he was behind a sequence of cover-ups that eventually forced his resignation, called the Watergate Scandal

21. Watergate Nixon’s resignation letter came at the end of a long investigation and scandal: 1) “Plumbers” break into the Watergate Hotel and install wiretaps into the Democratic National Headquarters 2) Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward uncover the story that the government hired the burglars 3) The Senate Investigations Committee reveals that Nixon has tapes of the incident, but he won’t hand them over despite members of his cabinet resigning 4) Spiro Agnew is tried for tax evasion and bribery and resigns as VP, leading to Ford’s appointment 5) Nixon finally hands over tapes and it is revealed he ordered the cover-up

22. Political and Cultural Trends Political Activism in the 1970s declined due to Youth Movement frustrations and Nixon’s policies of cracking down on radical behavior, so most of the baby boomers became “Yuppies” (professionals wanting good health and consumption of new products) Despite the lack of activism, some movements did take hold in the 1970s: 1)Women’s Movement – NOW continued push towards Equal Rights Amendment, women in the workforce tripled and more attended college 2)Environmentalism – Clean Water Act is passed, Sierra Club membership increases, Greenpeace organizations, Earth Day in 1970 3)Conservatism – Right-to-Life movement in response to Roe v. Wade decision, Evangelicals (Jerry Fallwell, Pat Robertson) speak out against liberal movements

23. Economy in the 1970s The economy in the 1970s slowed significantly due to increased inflation throughout the period, causing workers to spend more on consumer goods, making them less willing to fund welfare programs for the poor Groups of note were: 1)Farmers – family farms decline, agribusiness increases 2)Industry – declines due to foreign competition, trade deficit worsens 3)African-Americans – middle class group does well, but poor blacks struggle more than before 4)Native Americans – Indian Self-Determination Act helps restore lands and they get aid for schools and healthcare 5)Immigration – increases from the Americas and Asia, illegal immigration becomes a major issue