1. Gender & Sexuality ELAN60101

2. Gender in language Natural gender Grammatical gender Metaphorical gender

3. Language and thought Sapir-Whorf hypothesis Language influences thought

4. Gender bias in language ‘Man’, ‘he’, ‘his’ as generic or unmarked terms Professions or roles with masculine form only Order of terms eg. men and women Unfavourable meanings or connotations eg. bitch How can these be avoided or changed?

5. Translation and metaphors Inferiority Sexualized metaphors: ‘les belles infidèles’; reproduction Violence Penetration (Steiner)

6. Feminist translation intervention Recovery of women writers and translators Criticism of translations of feminist works eg. Beauvoir Criticism of paratexts

7. Feminist Bible translation Two stances: a) the Bible is inherently sexist b) the Bible is addressed to the entire human race Inclusive translation eg. child of God

8. Bible retranslation: philological approach Mary Phil Korsak 1992 Old Testament adam – groundling (from adamah – ground) ishah – woman ish - man

9. Canadian feminist translators General strategies: Supplementing Manipulating language Prefacing & footnoting Hijacking

10. Supplementing: L’amèr N. Brossard trans. Barbara Godard

11. Manipulating language the-rapist auteure (Fr) → auther (Eng) Quel est le féminin de garçon? C’est garce! (Lit: What’s the feminine of boy? It’s slut) Lotbinière-Harwood translates as: What’s the feminine of dog? It’s bitch.

12. Hijacking Cabrere Infante, Tres Tristes Tigres trans. Suzanne Jill Levine Infante: No one man can rape a woman. Levine: No wee man can rape a woman.

13. Criticisms Elitism Didactic translations Predominantly English and French Maintains binary oppositional logic Trivial preoccupations in view of the real world

14. Customs in Afghanistan UN special rapporteur 2005 Child marriage girls 6-7 years old Forced marriages (60-80%) If raped or if runs away, this is dishonourable for the girl’s family → suicides & honour killings Life expectancy of women 44 yrs old How can word play help the above?

15. Third wave feminist translation Attention to diversity of women & experiences Gender interlinking with other identities Instability of gender & identities All kinds of text types Specific contexts of translation from around the world Translator having ‘woman-interrogated’ identity (Maier)

16. Homosexuality Bible translation 1 Corinthians: Greek translated previously as ‘sexual perverts’, now ‘male prostitutes, sodomites’ Harvey Descriptive studies

17. Additional reference (Re)-examining horizons in feminist translation: towards a third wave? 2009. Olga Castro, trans. Mark Andrews (on internet)