1. Classification of Living Things
A. Shannon
Biology I

2. Warm~Up 1. What is the scientific name for the human species?
2. What do you think are the common names for Felis catus & Canis familiaris?
3. In each case what does the first of the two names refer to?
4. What does the second of the two names refer to?

3. WE HAVE A CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM TO:
Assign a single universal name to each organism
To place organisms into groups with those that have real biological meaning.

4. The Field of Biology that deals with classifying organisms is called TAXONOMY .   Taxonomy names and groups organisms according to their characteristics and evolutionary history. Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a category into which related organisms are placed
 A Universal System is necessary to have clear communication among scientists worldwide.

5. Organisms were First Classified more than 2,000 years ago by
Greek philosopher Aristotle.
He classified organisms as either Plants or Animals. 
 He grouped animals into land dwellers, water dwellers, and air dwellers
 As modern science developed in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, Aristotle's system was inadequate.

6.  Carolus Linnaeus~ established a simpler system for classifying and naming organisms. He developed a Hierarchy (a ranking system) for classifying organisms that is the Basis for Modern Taxonomy
Linnaeus used an organisms MORPHOLOGY, its form & structure, to categorize it. 
 Linnaeus developed the modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclature, a two-word name (Genus~ first word & species~ second word)
 Scientific names should be italicized in print or underlined when writing
 Always capitalize the genus name, but write the species in lower case
The genus name may be abbreviated, but not the species

7. Acer is the Latin name for Maple (genus)
 EX: Acer rubrum - RED MAPLE TREE
Acer is the Latin name for Maple (genus)  
rubrum is the Latin word for Red (species)
  Can be abbreviated as:   A. rubrum.
 EX: HUMANS ARE NAMED: Homo sapiens
Homo because of our large brain and upright posture.
sapiens because of our intelligence and ability to speak.
Can be abbreviated as: H. sapiens

8. -----------------------------------
In Linnaeus system of classification, he ranked the categories from the broadest and most general taxa
(THE TWO KINGDOMS - PLANTS AND ANIMALS)
to the Smallest and Most Specific TAXA
(INDIVIDUAL SPECIES)  

9. Consist of Bacteria, Archaea, & Eukarya
3~Domain System
Consist of Bacteria, Archaea, & Eukarya
Bacteria~corresponds to the Kingdom Eubacteria: unicellular& prokaryotic Some need oxygen to survive, while others are killed by it.
Archaea~corresponds to the Kingdom Archaebacteria: unicellular & prokaryotic. Most only survive in the absence of oxygen
Eukarya~consists of all organism that have a nucleus. Protista, Fungi, Plantae, & Animalia

10. Here’s an easy way to remember those levels!!!!!
*7 Levels of Classification*
Levels are arranged in descending order..
Domain is most broad and has 3 groups (Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
1. KINGDOM PHYLUM CLASS ORDER FAMILY GENUS SPECIES
Here’s an easy way to remember those levels!!!!!
Dumb Ken Put Candy On Fred’s Good Suit

11. Examples of Organisms and their classification levels

12. Basis for Modern Taxonomy
Modern taxonomists classify organisms based on their evolutionary relationships
Homologous structures have the same structure, but different functions & show common ancestry
The bones in a bat's wing, human's arm, penguin's flipper are the same (homologous), but the function is different 
Analogous structures have the same function, but different structures & do not show a close relationship (insect wing & bird's wing)
Similarity in embryo development shows a close relationship (vertebrate embryos all have tail & gill slits)

14. Phylogeny (evolutionary history):
Phylogenetic trees are branching diagrams showing how organisms are related 
Also called family trees
Fossil records help establish relationships on a phylogenetic tree
Organizes living things based on their evolution (systematics)
Common ancestor is shown at the base of the tree
Most modern organisms shown at tips of branches
Each time a branch divides into a smaller branch, a new species evolves
Cladograms shows how organisms are related based on shared, derived characteristics such as feathers, hair, scales, etc.

16. Plants, Animals, Protists, Fungi, Archaebacteria, Eubacteria.
**Six Kingdoms of Life**
When Linnaeus developed his system of classification, there were only two kingdoms, Plants and Animals. But the use of the microscope led to the discovery of new organisms and the identification of differences in cells. A two-kingdom system was no longer useful.
Today the system of classification includes six kingdoms.
The Six Kingdoms:
Plants, Animals, Protists, Fungi, Archaebacteria, Eubacteria.
How are organism placed into their kingdoms?
Cell type, complex or simple
Their ability to make food
The number of cells in their body

17. DOMAIN 1:Archaebacteria~ Unicellular (one celled) organisms.
Found in harsh environments (undersea volcanic vents, acidic hot springs, salty water)
Some survive without oxygen

18. ALL OTHER Kingdoms are in DOMAIN 3: EUKARYA
DOMAIN 2:Eubacteria~ Like archaebacteria, eubacteria are single celled
& prokaryotic. Most bacteria are in the EUBACTERIA kingdom. They’re found everywhere and are the ones people are most familiar with. They’re heterotrophic & autotrophic
Eubacteria are classified in their own kingdom because their chemical makeup is different.
Most eubacteria are helpful. Some produce vitamins and foods like yogurt. However, these eubacteria, Streptococci pictured above, can give you strep throat!
ALL OTHER Kingdoms are in DOMAIN 3: EUKARYA

19. These delicate looking diatoms are classified in the protist kingdom.
Protists
Eukaryotes
Found in kingdom Protista
Most are unicellular
Heterotrophs that ingest small food particles & digest it inside food vacuoles containing digestive enzymes
Classified by the way they move (cilia, flagella, pseudopodia...)
These delicate looking diatoms are classified in the protist kingdom.

20. Fungi~
Eukaryotic 
Important decomposers & recyclers of nutrients in the environment
Most are multicellular, but some unicellular like yeast
Nonmotile
Grow best in warm, moist environments preferring shade
Mushrooms, mold and mildew are all examples of organisms in the kingdom fungi.
Fungi are organisms that biologists once confused with plants, however, unlike plants, fungi cannot make their own food. Most obtain their food from parts of plants that are decaying in the soil.

21. Plants~ All plants are multicellular & contain chlorophyll inside of chloroplasts
Plants (also called autotrophs or producers
All plants are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms that reproduce sexually
Many medicines are produced by plants
Plants are very diverse & may be terrestrial or aquatic
Vary in size
With over 250,000 species, the plant kingdom is the second largest kingdom. Plant species range from the tiny green mosses to giant trees.
Without plants, life on Earth would not exist! Plants feed almost all the heterotrophs (organisms that eat other organisms) on Earth.

22. Animals~ All are multicellular & eukaryotic
Cells lack cell walls & come in a variety of shapes
Heterotrophs (take in food & internally digest it)
Have some type of skeletal support
Reproduce sexually
Show levels of organization including cell, tissue, organ, & system

23. Review of Kingdoms
 Modern taxonomy uses six kingdoms --- Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, & Animalia
Archaebacteria & Eubacteria are unicellular prokaryotes lacking a nucleus, while Protista, Fungi, Plantae, & Animalia are all eukaryotes with a nucleus & membrane-bound organelles 
All members of Plantae & Animalia are multicellular organisms
Fungi & Animalia are heterotrophs, while Plantae are all autotrophs capable of making their own food 
Archaebacteria live in harsh environments like very salty lakes; intestines of mammals; and hot, sulfur springs & may be autotrophs or heterotrophs
Eubacteria are true bacteria some of which cause disease
Protista are mainly unicellular with a few multicellular organisms and may be autotrophic (Euglena) or heterotrophic (Ameba)
Fungi include multicellular mushrooms, mold, unicellular yeast, etc. & are absorptive heterotrophs (digest food & then absorb it)
Animalia are ingestive heterotrophs that take in food & then digest it inside their multicellular bodies.
Plantae includes all plants & are the only all multicellular, autotrophic kingdom