1. Microscopy

2. History of the Microscope
Hans and Zacharias Janssen- (1595) Eyeglass crafters- Magnify object 3-10x
Robert Hooke- (1655) Observed pores on corks and called them "cells"

3. History of the Microscope
Anton van Leeuwenhoek- (1673) First to see microscopic organisms in pond water. His microscope lead the way to the microscopes we use today.
Carl Zeiss- (1850s) Refined the microscope by adjusting the lenses to improve optical quality. His company is still manufacturing microscopes today.

5. Microscope Vocabulary
Magnification: increase of an object's apparent size
Resolution: power to show details clearly
*Both are needed to see a clear image

6. Optical Microscopes Compound microscope: Types of Microscopes
First type of microscope and most widely used
Light passes through 2 lenses
Magnify up to 2000x

7. Dissecting Microscope (stereo microscope):
Types of Microscopes
Dissecting Microscope (stereo microscope):
Provide 3 dimensional view of object
Magnify up to 100x
Useful for observing opaque objects

8. Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope:
Types of Microscopes
Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope:
Able to also scan an object in depth
Computer is able to assemble the object as a 3D image

9. Electron Microscope: Types of Microscopes
Used to view very small objects: viruses, DNA, parts of a cell
Uses beams of electrons rather than light
Much more powerful

10. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM):
Types of Microscopes
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM):
Beam of electrons is transmitted through an ultra-thin specimen and interacts with the specimen as it passes through
Can magnify up to 250,000x

11. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM):
Types of Microscopes
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM):
Produces images of a sample by scanning it with a focused beam of electrons. The elctrons interact with the atoms in the sample.
Can magnify up to 500,000x

12. X-Ray Microscope: Types of Microscopes
Uses a beam of x-rays to create an image
Due to small wavelength, image resolution is higher than with compound microscopes
Used to view living cells

13. Caring for Your Microscope

14. Parts of the Microscope

15. Parts Functions What does the Base do? supports the microscope
What does the arm do?
it is used to carry the microscope
What is the stage?
platform where the slide with the specimen is placed
What do the stage clips do?
they hold the slide in place on the stage
What does the eyepiece do?
magnifies the image for the viewer
What are the objective lenses?
low-power and high-power lenses that magnify the specimen
What is a Coarse adjustment?
large knob used for focusing the image under low-power
What is a fine adjustment?
smaller knob used for focusing the image with the high-power objective
What does a diaphragm do?
controls the amount of light that passes through the specimen
What does the light source do?
provides light for viewing the specimen

16. Magnification
Your microscope has 3 magnifications: Scanning, Low and High.
Each objective has magnification on it
In addition to this, the ocular lens (eyepiece) has a magnification.
The total magnification is the ocular x objective

18. Microscope should be stored with scanning objective clicked into place
Carry the base with one hand and the arm with the other
Plug in your microscope
Always start with the scanning objective
Use the coarse knob to focus and the fine adjustment until object is clear
Once focused, switch to low power and use the coarse knob to refocus and the fine adjustment to make image clear
Now you can switch to high power (not if thick slide or no cover slip) and only use fine adjustment to focus image

19. Recap
1.  Scanning --> use coarse and fine knob
2.  Low power --> use coarse and fine knob
3.  High power --> use fine knob only

20. Troubleshooting
Occasionally you may have trouble with working your microscope.
Here are some common problems and solutions.
1. Image is too dark!
Adjust the diaphragm, make sure your light is on.
2. There's a spot in my viewing field, even when I move the slide the spot stays in the
same place!
Your lens is dirty. Use lens paper, and only lens paper to carefully clean
the objective and ocular lens. The ocular lens can be removed to clean the inside.  
The spot is probably a spec of dust.
3. I can't see anything under high power!
Remember the steps, if you can't focus under scanning and then low power,
you won't be able to focus anything under high power.  
Start at scanning and walk through the steps again. 
4. Only half of my viewing field is lit, it looks like there's a half-moon in there!
You probably don't have your objective fully clicked into place..

21. Troubleshooting 5. Eyestrain and Headaches
Adjust interpupillary distance
Adjust eyepiece diopter setting
Use matched eyepieces

22. Storage of Microscopes
Clean using lens paper only
Store with scanning objective in place
Power off microscope
Wrap cord around base
Using both hands, store in microscope cabinet with dust cover on