1. Cell Structure & Function
A View of the Cell
Cell Structure & Function

2. Discovering the Cell Chp. 7-1 Life is Cellular Robert Hooke
used a microscope to study cork coined the
term “cell”
Before microscopes were invented, people believed that diseases were caused by curses and supernatural spirits.
Invention of the microscope - scientists realized they were entering a new world – one of microorganisms.
Microscopes enabled scientists to view and study cells, the basic units of living organisms.
Hooke – cork- thousands of tiny,empty chambers (monastery’s chambers called cells) Cells are not empty!
Around the same time, Van Leuenhoek – tiny living organisms everywhere, even in the water he drank!
Schleiden concluded that all plants are made up of cells
Schwann concluded that all animals are made of cells.
Lead to the cell theory. . .
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
first person to record looking at water under a microscope

3. I. Introduction to the Cell
A. Cell Theory
All organisms are made up
of one or more cells.
Cells are the basic unit of
structure & function in organisms.
All cells come from preexisting cells.
All living things are composed of cells.
Cells are the basic unit of structure & function in living things.
New cells are produced from existing cells.

4. B. Cells differ in size, shape, & organization.

5. B. Cells differ in size, shape, & organization.
Cell Size
Small cells function more efficiently than large cells.
Large cells cannot function efficiently in the transport of materials & waste into and out of the cell.

6. B. Cells differ in size, shape, & organization.
Cell Shape
The shape of cell depends on its function.

7. C. Internal Organization
Most cells contain a variety of membrane bound ORGANELLES - cell parts that PERFORM SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS FOR THE CELL
Organelles – little organs

8. A Large Organelle near the Center of the Cell is the NUCLEUS
A Large Organelle near the Center of the Cell is the NUCLEUS.  IT CONTAINS THE CELL'S GENETIC INFORMATION AND CONTROLS THE ACTIVITIES OF THE CELL.
Whether a cell has or does not a NUCLEUS is important for classifying cells.

9. II. Prokaryotes Vs. Eukaryotes
EUKARYOTES “true” nucleus
ORGANISMS WHOSE CELL OR CELLS CONTAIN A NUCLEUS AND OTHER MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLES.
PROKARYOTES “before” the nucleus
ORGANISMS WHOSE CELLS NEVER CONTAIN (OR LACK) A NUCLEUS AND OTHER MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLES.
Smaller (simple) than Eurkayotes
UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS such as bacteria and blue green algae.

10. Note: The difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes is such an important distinction that they are placed in separate Kingdoms.

12. September 20 Notes 7-2 organelles Grade Venn Diagram
Chapter 7 packet due FRIDAY!
HW – Pre-lab due tomorrow!!

14. III. Parts of the Eukaryotic Cell
Structures in a cell are determined by the specific functions carried out by the cell. 
Thus, there is N0 Typical Eukaryotic Cell.

15. A. Cell Boundaries Animal cell Plant cell
Cell membrane/ plasma membrane
(Discuss later)

16. B. The Nucleus CONTROL CENTER of the Cell NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
Covered with many
small pores that allow
messages, like RNA,
to be sent from the
Nucleus
Like messages, a steady stream of proteins, RNA, and other molecules move through the nuclear pores to & from the rest of the cell.

17. B. The Nucleus CHROMATIN Consists of DNA bound to protein DNA
Hereditary information
NUCLEOLUS
MAKES (syntheisizes) RIBOSOMES, WHICH IN TURN, BUILD PROTEINS
Most of the time Chromatin is spread throughout the nucleus. When a cell divides – condenses to form chromosomes (later)

18. C. Cytoplasm / Cytosol • EVERYTHING BETWEEN THE CELL
MEMBRANE AND THE NUCLEUS
• Is a jellylike mixture that consists
MOSTLY OF WATER

19. D. Cytoskeleton • Network of long protein strands give the
3D structure of the cell (SHAPE)
• Consists of TWO Types of structures:
- MICROFILAMENTS (threadlike)
- MICROTUBULES (hollow)
• HELPS THE CELL MOVE
and helps the organelles
with in the cell move!
Centrioles??????

20. Mitochondria – in animal & plant cells
Each organelle has a specific function that contributes to cell survival.
E. Organelles
1. MITOCHONDRIA and CHLOROPLASTS
• Source of energy in plant and animal cells
• Only organelles that contain their own genetic
information in the form of DNA molecules
All living cells must maintain a balance (homeostasis) regardless of internal and external conditions. Survival depends on the cell’s ability to maintain the proper conditions within itself.
Mitochondria – in animal & plant cells

21. E. Organelles MITOCHONDRIA • "POWERHOUSE" OF THE CELL
• Converts chemical energy stored in food into compounds that the cell can use
- ATP is the molecule that most cells use as their main energy source
- ATP production is called
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
CHLOROPLASTS
• Capture energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in a process called
Photosynthesis
• Not found in animal cells
New mitochondria arise only when existing ones grow and divide

22. E. Organelles 2. RIBOSOMES • Are the site of PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
• Some float free in the cytoplasm; others
attach to the ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM
Does one of the most important jobs – making proteins

23. E. Organelles 3. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) • Can be ROUGH OR SMOOTH
• System of membranous tubules that connect
the Nuclear Envelope to the Cell Membrane
to transport materials
• Functions Primarily as an
transportation system
Ex. Transports protiens–
from rER to the Golgi
Intracellular Highway (a path along which molecules move from one part of the cell to another)

24. E. Organelles 4. GOLGI BODY • Processing, Packaging, and Secretion
• System of membranes made of flattened sac like structures
Then the golgi sends the proteins out of the cell using the vesicles.
Finishing touches are put on proteins before they are ready to leave the factory.
From here, proteins are “shipped to their final destination throughout the cell or outside of the cell

25. E. Organelles 5. LYSOSOMES • Digestion of macromolecules
(lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins)
into molecules that can be used by the cell
• Involved in breaking down old cell parts
Clean up crew

26. E. Organelles 6. CILIA AND FLAGELLA
• Extend from the surface of the cell
• Assist in movement
• CILIA ARE SHORT HAIRLIKE PROJECTIONS
• FLAGELLA ARE LONG WHIPLIKE
PROJECTIONS

27. Notice the difference between vacuoles in plant and animal cells.
E. Organelles
7. VACUOLES
• Membrane-bound spaces used for temporary storage of materials.
Plant
Cell
Vacuole
Animal
Cell
Notice the difference between vacuoles in plant and animal cells.

28. A Tour of the Cell

30. September 23, 2010 Notes – Chapter 7-3 and 7-4 QUIZ??? 
PAP- Biology
Notes – Chapter 7-3 and 7-4
QUIZ??? 
HW- Pre-lab Semi permeable membrane
Turn in Onion and Cheek Cell end of period
Check for: Drawing Name, Correct labels, color, straight lines ect….

31. Membrane –gate keeper, allows materials in and out of the cell
A. Cell Boundaries (more detail) – Chp. 7.3
Animal cell
Plant cell
Cell / Plasma
Membrane –gate keeper, allows materials in and out of the cell
Discuss later
Cell Wall – provides support & protection, usually made of tough fibers

32. 1. The Cell Membrane
Complex barrier separating the cell from it's external environment
Provides protection & support
Is arranged in a double layer
called a Lipid Bilayer –
Made up of Phospholipids
(a phosphate group
& 2 fatty acids)

33. 1. The Cell Membrane "Selectively Permeable" membrane that regulates
(like a gate) what passes into and out of the cell

34. 1. The Cell Membrane Cell Membranes are FLUID
Lipids and Proteins of the Cell Membrane are always in motion

35. 1. The Cell Membrane Diffusion
Movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Substances diffuse across membranes without requiring the cell to use energy
Osmosis
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

36. Diffusion & Osmosis

37. 1. The Cell Membrane Membrane Proteins
PROTEIN MOLECULES are EMBEDDED in the Lipid Bilayer
HELP to MOVE larger Material INTO and OUT of the Cell

38. 1. The Cell Membrane
often have carbohydrates attached to them to serve as I.D. badges that allow cells to recognize each other

39. 1. The Cell Membrane

40. 1. The Cell Membrane
Facilitated Diffusion / Passive Transport – down hill (easy)
Uses proteins to move molecules through a cell membrane along the concentration gradient
high  low

41. 1. The Cell Membrane Active Transport – up hill (hard)
Uses proteins to move molecule against the concentration gradient (high  low)
Requires energy

42. Exocytosis and Endocytosis
Exocytosis – process of a cell releasing materials
Endocytosis – process of cell taking materials in
Exocytosis

43. Exocytosis and Endocytosis

44. Concentration – the mass of solute in a given volume of solution
Equilibrium – when the concentration of solute is the same throughout a solution
Phagocytosis – process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround & engulf large particles and take them into the cell (Exp. Amoeba)
Pinocytosis – process by which the cell takes in a liquid from the surrounding environment

46. Levels of Organization
Textbook p. 21
Levels of Organization
Subatomic particles →
Atoms → Molecules
Organic molecules →
Cells → Tissue →
Organs → Organ systems
→ Organism →
Population →
Community →
Ecosystem → Biosphere

47. Diversity of Cellular Life
Chp. 7-4
Diversity of Cellular Life
Cell Specialization – separate roles for each type of cell in multicellular organisms
Cells throughout an organism can develop in different ways to perform different tasks

48. Levels of Organization in Multicellular Organisms
Individual cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ systems
Muscle cell
Stomach
Smooth muscle tissue
Digestive system

49. Levels of Organization in Multicellular Organisms
Tissue – group of similar cells that perform a particular function
Organ – group of tissues that work together to perform closely related functions
Organ system – group of organs that work together to perform a specific function

51. Cell Structure (concept map)
can be
prokaryotic
eukaryotic
which are found in
animals
which are known as
which lack
which contain
plants
protists
fungi
bacteria
organelles