1. ART ELEMENTS
and
ART PRINCIPLES

2. So, if Art is a language, what is its grammar or structure?
In order to understand and appreciate art, you must understand it’s language
So, if Art is a language, what is its grammar or structure?
We’ll find the answer in the
Elements and Principles of Design

3. The Elements and Principles of Design
The Elements of Design are:
Line, Shape, Form, Space, Value,Texture and Color
These are considered to be the “grammar” of art
The Principles of Design are:
Unity, Variety, Balance, Contrast, Emphasis, Pattern, Proportion, Movement and Rhythm
These are like the “rules of grammar”; they form the guidelines that artists follow when they combine the various elements of design
As you study visual art, and the world around you, you will notice that these Elements and Principles never appear by themselves.

4. ___
__ _______

5. *What are the five major kinds of LINES ?
??? Questions to Consider ???
Part I.:
*What are the five major kinds of LINES ?
*What are the two basic categories of SHAPE ?FORM?
*How do SHAPE and FORM differ?
*What are COLOR FAMILIES or GROUPS?
*What are the three properties of COLOR?
*What are the two kinds of TEXTURE?
*What is VALUE?
*How do artists show SPACE in their artworks?

6. Everywhere you look, you see lines.
In nature you can
see lines in tree
branches:
In a curving river:
Or in a spiders web

7. The manufactured world provides examples too
Lines formed by wires: Edges of buildings:
And winding roads

8. Line is a point set into motion….a dot moving through space.
There are five basic kinds of lines.These include:
Horizontal=
Vertical =
Diagonal =
Zigzag =
Curved =

9. As you have seen, lines can have many qualities:
They can be: curved or straight
Vertical horizontal diagonal
Thick or thin smooth or rough
Light or dark and continuous or broken
In artworks, straight lines generally suggest directness or clarity while curving lines imply gentleness or movement. Vertical lines can give an artwork strength while horizontal lines convey calmness and tranquility. Diagonal lines convey action and energy—think of a lightening bolt or a falling tree. Very thick lines appear strong while a thin line appears weak or delicate. Fuzzy lines imply softness while smooth lines imply harder surfaces. Repeated lines can create patterns, textures and even rhythms.

10. Lines can also be implied or real.
A real line is one you can actually see (Ex. A) while an implied line is the suggestion of a line (Ex. B) An implied line may also be suggested by a string of objects (Ex. C)
(A) (B) (C)

11. Shape Shape is the area set off by one or more of the art elements.
Shapes can be classified into two classes:
*Geometric shapes = precise shapes such as the circle ,
triangle
, rectangle, oval, and square.
*Organic shapes = these shapes are not regular or even…and are
Often found in nature.

12. Shape is a 2-dimensional object (it is flat)
More fact on ….Shape
Shape is a 2-dimensional object (it is flat)
It has height and width but no depth
Geometric shapes --are regular meaning can be measured.
Organic shapes are irregular---seashells, leaves, flowers, etc.

13. In Georgia O’Keeffe’s and Piet Mondrian’s works we can
See the two basic kinds of shapes.

14. Form width depth Height Form is an object with three dimensions.
In drawing, it is creating the illusion of three-dimensional space on a two-dimensional surface.
width
depth
Two-dimensional
Height
Three-dimensional

15. Form
A form is 3-Dimensional. It has height, width AND depth. As with shapes, Forms can be regular and precise or irregular and organic.
3-D art, such as sculptures, architecture and crafts, is composed of forms. In 2-D art, artists can only create the illusion of form.

16. We can see in the following works how the artists relate FORM:
Michelangelo
Cassatt
Dali
vanGogh
Dali

17. Color

18. Color
Color
Color is everywhere. In our clothes, the sky, trees, flowers, billboards designed to attract our attention, on the web and on television.
There are literally thousands of colors; from bright to dull (intensity) and light to dark (value). Colors are powerful; they can make objects seem to glow, to come forward and recede, or to appear bigger or smaller.
Colors can also be symbolic, with meanings that change from culture to culture. A color can symbolize an object or thing such as blue for water and green for grass and the leaves of trees or it may symbolize an emotion or idea, such as red for love, yellow for fear and blue for sadness. A trained artist is familiar with all of these options and can select and combine colors to create a desired impression or to evoke a certain mood.

19. Color
Color is a property of light. When we say an object is red, we mean that its surface absorbs certain wavelengths of light that we call red, we identify the object as red in color. If all wavelengths of light are absorbed, we identify the color as black, if all wavelengths of color are reflected, we see white.
Color has 3 characteristics: hue, value and intensity.
Hue is actually the color we see—such as red. Value
refers to the lightness and darkness of a hue. For
example, maroon is a dark value (shade) of red and
pink is a light value (tint) of red.
Intensity is the brightness or dullness of a color.

20. Color
Red, Yellow and Blue are called Primary colors (P)and are used to create the rest of the colors on the color wheel.
When you mix two primary colors together, you get a Secondary color (S). These colors are Orange (yellow and red), Green (blue and yellow) and violet (red and blue)
And when you mix a primary and a secondary color together you get an Intermediate color (I). These are yellow-green, yellow-orange, red-orange, red-violet, blue-violet and blue-green P S I I S I I I I P P S

21. Artists’ Use of Primary Color
Auguste Renoir
Edward Hopper
Piet Mondrian

22. Secondary Colors
Secondary Colors are colors created by mixing equal amounts primary of two colors. P+P=S
For example:
Red + Yellow = Orange
Yellow + Blue = Green
Blue + Red = Violet

23. Artists Use of Secondary Color
Auguste Renoir
Vincent van Gogh

24. Color Schemes
When two colors are located directly across from each other on the wheel, they are referred to as complementary colors.
Artists often pair complementary colors together
because the area where they meet seems to
vibrate. You can also lessen the intensity of a
color by adding a small amount of its
complementary color.
What pair of complimentary colors did this artist
use in this picture?

25. What set of analogous colors are used in this example?
Color Schemes
An analogous color scheme is made up
of three or four colors that are adjacent
on the color wheel.
What set of analogous colors are used in this example?

26. Have you ever noticed that colors seem to have different temperatures?
Color Temperatures
Have you ever noticed that colors seem to have different temperatures?
Reds, Oranges and Yellows are warm colors. They remind us of the sun or fire and can add a feeling of excitement, boldness or happiness to a work of art. Warm colors make objects seem larger and appear to advance in an artwork.
Greens, Blues, and Violets are cool
colors. They remind us of lakes,
distant mountains, sky and foliage.
Cool colors tend to be calm and
restful. They recede into the
distance and make objects seem smaller.

27. Warm Colors
Warm Colors are in one of the two groups of which colors are often divided. The three main warm colors are:
Red Orange Yellow
Warm colors suggest energy, action, and normally optically advance!

28. Artists Use of Warm Colors
Cezanne
Rothko
Munch
Van Gogh

29. Cool Colors
Cool Colors are in one of the two groups of which colors are often divided. The three main cool colors are:
Blue Green Violet
Cool colors suggest calmness and peacefulness.
Optically, they tend to recede.

30. Artists Use of Cool Colors
Georges Seurat
Henri Matisse
Mary Cassatt
Claude Monet
Vincent van Gogh
Vincent van Gogh

31. Analogous Colors
Analogous Colors are colors neighboring on the color wheel having a common “hue”. Examples would be:
Red
Red Violet
Violet Red
Violet
Violet Blue
Blue Violet
Blue
Blue Green
Green Blue
Green
Green yellow
Yellow Green
Yellow
Yellow Orange
Orange Yellow
Orange
Orange Red
Red Orange

32. Color Shades
The SHADE of a color is changed by adding Black.

33. Color Tints
Color Tints are changed by adding white. The exception to this would be by watercolorists -who add water!

34. Color Schemes
A monochromatic color scheme makes use of only one hue and its tints and shades. This scheme can produce appealing pictures as you can see below.
Neutrals - brown, black, white, gray. Lacks the feeling of warm or cool as seen in other color schemes.

35. Color Schemes
Neutrals - brown, black, white, gray. Lacks the feeling of warm or cool as seen in other color schemes.

36. Can you tell the color schemes used by Vincent Van Gogh?
Self portrait
Cypresses
Sunflowers

37. Texture Texture is how something feels or looks like
it feels.We experience texture thru our senses
of sight and touch
There are2 basic kinds of Textures. These are:
REAL:
*Natural or actual…
Is what you experience when you actually touch an object.
Porcupines would be sharp..feathers could be soft.
IMPLIED :
*Simulated = Man made to look like it has a texture.

38. Value
Value refers to the lightness and darkness of a color. Value is commonly known as “shading” of an object. Monochromatic = Value
A value scale, such as this one, can show the full range of a color. This is accomplished by adding black to a color to make shades or adding white to a color to make tints.
TINTS
ORIGINAL COLOR
SHADES
Accomplished artists know, that to make a drawing look as real as possible, they must show a full value range in their artwork

39. Space Space is the distance or area between,
around, below, and within things.
*There are two basic kinds of Space : positive and negative.
Positive space is the object itself;
Negative space is the area in and around the object.
negative
positive
negative

40. Art Elements SPACE
Background: The part that looks farthest from the viewer.
Middleground: The part that appears midway between background and foreground.
Foreground: The part that looks closest to the viewer.
Horizon Line: The point in a landscape where the sky meets the ground.
Horizon Line
Background
Middleground
Foreground
Can you point out the background, foreground, and middleground?

41. 1.= Overlapping 2.= Size 3.= Focus 4.= Placement
Space……………………
Artists use various technique to give the illusion of DEPTH in their
works of art. Some of these include :
1.= Overlapping
2.= Size
3.= Focus
4.= Placement
5.= Intensity and Value
6.= Linear Perspective
Lets take a look at some of these……………..

42. Intensity and Value: Space…………….
Artists often used colors lower in intensity and lighter in value for
objects in the distance.
In this artwork by Monet, we can see how the color becomes less
Intense and lighter in value.

43. As you can see in this example of linear perspective, in which parallel lines recede toward a common vanishing point, the illusion of 3-D space is created on a 2-D surface. Objects farther away are higher up on the picture plane, there is overlapping of buildings and less detail as the image seems farther away from the viewer.
Objects farther away are placed higher on the picture plane and are less detailed e
Buildings are overlapped to create an illusion of space

44. Let’s practice looking! What elements do you see used in this geranium?

45. If you said: CORRECT! You were Color ( Complementary -red and green)
Shape (Organic Shapes the outlines of flowers and leaves)
Line (the stems, the veins of the leaves) and
Texture (Real Natural -smooth petals and furry leaves)
You were
CORRECT!

46. ___
__ _________

47. ??? Questions to Consider ??? Part II. What are PRINCIPLES OF ART?
*What does using EMPHASIS enable the artist to do?
*What is PATTERN / REPETITION and what two
ways do artists use it in their artworks?
*What are the three basic kinds of BALANCE?
*What is CONTRAST and how do artists use this in their
works of art?
*What is RHYTHM and how is it similar to Repetition?
*Why is PROPORTION in an artwork important?
*How is MOVEMENT like a tour guide?

48. The Principles of Art are basically rules or guidelines that govern the way in which the Art Elements go together.
These include:
*EMPHASIS
*PATTERN
*BALANCE
*CONTRAST
*REPETITION
*RHYTHM
*PROPORTION
*MOVEMENT
Lets take a look at these individually…………….

49. Emphasis EMPHASIS is used by an artist to make
an element or object stand out in a work
of art.
EMPHASIS is used by the artist to control
What part of the artwork the viewer sees
most or most often.
EMPHASIS is also used by the artist to
control how long a viewer spends looking
at each of the different parts.

50. Emphasis
Artists use emphasis to create a center of interest—the part of the work they want the viewer to notice first. Sometimes an artist chooses to emphasize a single element of design to create a center of interest. And sometimes the artist separates the center of interest from its surroundings, makes it the largest object or places it in the center of the composition.
In any work of art, many elements and principles work together, but almost every successful work emphasizes something.
What is the artist trying to get us to notice first in this work of art?

51. Emphasis
Center of Interest is the focal point of an art composition. It grabs the viewer’s attention. It’s also called emphasis.
Good Center of Interest
Poor Center of Interest

52. To make an element or object in a work of art stand
Emphasis:
To make an element or object in a work of art stand
Out…..artists use emphasis.
Emphasis = Emphasis of size
Van Gogh
Emphasis = Emphasis of color
Salvador Dali
Emphasis of line
Grant Wood

53. Pattern Pattern / Repetition /Rhythm is the repeating
of shapes, lines, color, or other art
elements in planned or random order to create
interest or make the artwork more exciting.
Vincent van Gogh
Mary Cassatt
Andy Warhol

54. Balance BALANCE in an artwork, it the
arrangement of art elements so that
no one part of a work overpowers, or
seems heavier than, any other part.
There are three basic types of balance.These are:
*Symmetrical or Formal Balance
*Asymmetrical or Informal Balance
*Radial Balance

55. Balance Symmetrical balance occurs when one
side of an object or painting is identical
(or nearly so) to the other side. In nature,
the human face and butterflies are examples.
Symmetry can create a sense of calmness
and formality, but sometimes it can be
visually boring.

56. Asymmetrical or Informal Balance is evident when
two unlike objects appear to have equal weight. When used skillfully, it can create more interesting
compositions.
Vincent van Gogh
Mary Cassatt

57. Radial Balance in an artwork occurs when the
elements or objects are positioned around a
central point.

58. BALANCE Which type of balance does this art composition contain?
Answer:
Asymmetric/
Unbalanced
Salvador Dali, Domenech’s Melting Clocks

59. Contrast CONTRAST in an artwork is created-when
the artist makes a difference in value,
color,texture,shape,line,form,or space.
Color Contrast
by Monet
Texture Contrast
by OKeeffe
Value Contrast
by Durer

60. CONTRAST Can you identify the contrasting elements in this photograph?
eye.
Colors - black/white
Lines - horizontal/vertical
Texture - smooth/rough
Ansel Adams, Carlsbad Caverns, 1942

61. Contrast : Form Contrast by Marat Space Contrast by Monet
Line Contrast
By Van Gogh

62. Proportion
Proportion is the relative size of one thing compared to the size of something else. In the paintings below, compare the proportion of the objects in one painting with one another. Do the proportions seem correct?

63. Movement MOVEMENT in a work of art directs the viewer
through the art piece –often to the focal area.It
also encourages the viewer to sense action
within the work.
Van Gogh
Van Gogh V
Van Gogh

64. Movement Sometimes an artist will add
In a work of art, movement may be the course that a viewer’s eye takes as it moves across the surface. Moving from color to color, shape to shape or value to value, the
eye traces a path around the picture.
Sometimes an artist will add
elements such as spirals, curves,
arrow-like shapes or diagonal
lines to convey a sense of
movement.
How has the artist shown movement
in this picture?

65. Rhythm & REPETITION
Rhythm is a pattern of movement caused by colors, shapes, values, lines, etc. that occur in organized repetition. If the size, shape or color of the repeated units is the same and if the distance between them remains constant, the rhythm is predictable and may even be monotonous. This is the type of rhythm you could find on wrapping paper or wallpaper.
To add variety and visual excitement, an artist may change the size, color or shape of the repeated units or vary the spacing between them.
How does the artist show an interesting rhythm in this painting?
Is the rhythm exciting or monotonous? How has the artist accomplished this?

66. Variety
Variety generally accompanies unity in a work of art; it adds visual interest by giving the eye different things to focus on. Artists create variety by including shapes, textures, lines, etc in many sizes and/or contrasting colors.
How has this artist shown variety? What elements has he used to create it?

67. VARIETY What varitey do you see being used in this artwork?
The artist uses a variety of the elements so the work is interesting/not dull.
Picasso used
a variety of
shapes, colors,
lines, textures,
and values.
Pablo Picasso,
The Three Musicians,
1921

68. Unity
Unity is a sense of cohesiveness, a feeling that all the parts of something belong or work together. This is an important principle because a unified work looks complete and orderly. There are many ways to create unity in a work of art; a dominant theme or idea, a texture or repeated color, line, shape, etc.
What creates unity in this picture?

69. What principle(s) do you see used in these pictures?
A glass skyscraper
A plaid scarf
A flying bird

70. If you said: Then you were CORRECT! Unity, Pattern, Proportion
Movement, Rhythm
Then you were CORRECT!
Pattern, Unity, Contrast

71. 2-Dimensional media include:
Media: is the material used by the artist to produce art. (Media is Plural and Medium is singular)
2-Dimensional media include:
Paint (Egg Tempera, Oil, Watercolor and Acrylic) , Fabric, Yarn, Pastel (Oil and Chalk), Fiber art, Drawing, Photography, Computer-generated art, Ink
3-Dimensiona Media include:
Clay, wood, glass, stone, plaster, metal, paper, stone
Art Processes: both art methods and the media used for visual communication in a variety of art forms

72. 2-Dimensional Processes include:
Art Processes: both art methods and the media used for visual communication in a variety of art forms
2-Dimensional Processes include:
Drawing ,Painting , Printmaking, Photography, Fiber Art: (includes fabric painting, stamping, batik, tie-dye, etc.
3-Dimensional Processes include:
Textiles, Ceramics, Sculpture, Architecture, Fiber Art (includes constructing with fiber, weaving, rugs, crochet, knitting, quilting

73. Art Vocabulary
Collage - Artwork made by pasting pieces of paper or other materials to a flat surface.

74. Art Vocabulary
Design - The way art elements are put together in a work of art, also called composition.
Original - Artwork that looks very different form other work of art; not copied.
Claude Monet,
Water Lily Pond, 1889

75. Art Vocabulary Subject Matter - All the objects seen in a work of art.
Georges Seurat, A Sunday on La Grande Jatte, 1884

76. Types of Visual Art Landscape Painting Portrait Pottery Sculpture
Still Life
Weaving

77. Types of Art - Landscape
A landscape is artwork that shows an outdoor scene.
Albert Bierstadt, Oregon Trails, 1867

78. Types of Art -Painting A painting is a picture created by using paint.
Georgia O’Keefe, Red Poppy

79. Types of Art - Portrait
A portrait is a painting or drawing of a person.
Rembrandt van Rijn, Self Portrait, 1640
Leonardo Da Vinci, Mona Lisa, 1506

80. Types of Art - Pottery
Pottery is a three dimensional piece of artwork that is
made of clay and hardened by heat.
Making pottery on a
pottery wheel.
Pottery made by
Hopi Indians

81. Types of Art - Sculpture
A sculpture is a three dimensional piece of
artwork formed from stone, clay, wood, metal, etc.
Michael Angelo, Bust of David
Leonardo Da vinci, Horse

82. Types of Art - Still Life
Still Life is artwork that shows non-living things
such as books, candles, etc. arranged by the artist.
Henri Matisse, Blue Pot and Lemons
Henri Matisse, Still Life w/ Oranges 1913

83. Types of Art - Weaving Weaving is artwork created by lacing together
Strands of materials such as yarn, thread, or paper.